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Microbiology > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Comparison of Medically Important Microorganisms based on CELLS

A

Viruses: No
Bacteria: Yes
Fungi: Yes
Protozoa and Helminths: Yes

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2
Q

Comparison of Medically Important Microorganisms based on APPROXIMATE DIAMETER

A

Viruses: 0.02 - 0.2
Bacteria: 1 - 5
Fungi: 3-10 (yeasts)
Protozoa and Helminths: 15-25 (trophozoites)

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3
Q

Comparison of Medically Important Microorganisms based on NUCLEIC ACID

A

Viruses: Either DNA or RNA
Bacteria: Both DNA and RNA
Fungi: Both DNA and RNA
Protozoa and Helminths: Both DNA and RNA

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4
Q

Comparison of Medically Important Microorganisms based on TYPE OF NUCLEUS

A

Viruses: None
Bacteria: Prokaryotic
Fungi: Eukaryotic
Protozoa and Helminths: Eukaryotic

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5
Q

Comparison of Medically Important Microorganisms based on RIBOSOMES

A

Viruses: Absent
Bacteria: 70S
Fungi: 80S
Protozoa and Helminths: 80S

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6
Q

Comparison of Medically Important Microorganisms based on MITOCHONDRIA

A

Viruses: Absent
Bacteria: Absent
Fungi: Present
Protozoa and Helminths: Present

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7
Q

Comparison of Medically Important Microorganisms based on NATURE OF OUTER SURFACE

A

Viruses: Protein capsid and lipoprotein envelope
Bacteria: Rigid wall containing peptidoglycan
Fungi: Rigid wall containing chitin
Protozoa and Helminths: Flexible membrane

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8
Q

Comparison of Medically Important Microorganisms based on MOTILITY

A

Viruses: None
Bacteria: Some
Fungi: None
Protozoa and Helminths: Most

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9
Q

Comparison of Medically Important Microorganisms based on METHOD OF REPLICATION

A

Viruses: Not binary fission
Bacteria: Binary fission
Fungi: Budding or mitosis2
Protozoa and Helminths: Mitosis3

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10
Q

Comparison of Gram-Positive Cells VS Gram-Negative Cells based on PEPTIDOGLYCAN

A

Gram-Positive Cells: Thicker; multilayer

Gram-Negative Cells: Thinner; single layer

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11
Q

Comparison of Gram-Positive Cells VS Gram-Negative Cells based on TEICHOIC ACIDS

A

Gram-Positive Cells: Yes

Gram-Negative Cells: No

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12
Q

Comparison of Gram-Positive Cells VS Gram-Negative Cells based on LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE

A

Gram-Positive Cells: No

Gram-Negative Cells: Yes

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13
Q

Comparison of Gram-Positive Cells VS Gram-Negative Cells based on PERIPLASMIC SPACE

A

Gram-Positive Cells: No

Gram-Negative Cells: Yes

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14
Q

What are the step of Gram Staining?

A

Step 1: Primary Stain –> Crystal Violet
Step 2: Mordant –> Iodine
Step 3: Decolorizing Agent –> Acetone
Step 4: Counterstain –> Safranin

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15
Q

What are the bacteria NOT seen in Gram Stain?

A

MYCOBACTERIAE –> too much lipid in cell wall so dye cannot penetrate –> Acid fast stain
SPIROCHETES –> Too thin to see –> Darkfield Microscopy
MYCOPLASMA SPP. –> No cell wall; very small –> None (serologies)
LEGIONELLA SPP. –> Poor uptake of red counterstain –> Silver Stain
CHLAMYDIAE –> Intracellular; very small –> Inclusion Bodies
RICKETTSIAE –> Intracellular; very small –> Giemsa/Tissue Stains

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16
Q

Mnemonics-Bacteria Not seen in Gram Stain

A 
These Rascals May Microscopically LAck Color.
Treponema
Rickettsia 
Mycobacteria
Mycoplasma
Legionella
Chlamydia
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17
Q

What are the Essential Components of Bacteria?

A

Cell Wall –> As described previously
Cytoplasmic Membrane –> Lipoprotein bilayer without sterols –> site of oxidative and transport enzymes
Ribosome –> RNA and Protein in 50S and 30S subunits –> Protein Synthesis
Nucleoid –> DNA –> Genetic Material
Mesosome –> Invagination of plasma membrane –> Participates in cell division and secretion
Periplasma –> Space between plasma membrane and outer membrane –> Contains many hydrolytic enzymes, including b-lactamases

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18
Q

What are the Non-essential Components of Bacteria?

A

CAPSULE –> Polysaccharide –> Protects against phagocytosis
PILUS OR FIMBRIA –> Glycoprotein –> Attachment, conjugation, copulation
GLYCOCALYX –> Polysaccharide –> Mediates adherence to surfaces, biofilm
FLAGELLUM –> Protein –> Motility, Hantigen
SPORE –> Keratinlike coat, dipicolinic acid –> Resistance to heat, and chemicals
PLASMID –> DNA –> Genes for antibiotic resistance and toxins
GRANULE –> Glycogen, lipids, polyphosphates –> site of nutrients in cytoplasm

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19
Q

Comparison of Bacterial Oxygen Metabolism by group - OBLIGATE AEROBE

A

Aerobic: Growth
Anaerobic: No Growth
Effect of Oxygen: Required

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20
Q

Comparison of Bacterial Oxygen Metabolism by group - MICROAEROPHILE

A

Aerobic: Growth
Anaerobic: No Growth
Effect of Oxygen: Required but at low levels (<.02 atm) only

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21
Q

Comparison of Bacterial Oxygen Metabolism by group - FACULATIVE ANAEROBE

A

Aerobic: Growth
Anaerobic: Growth
Effect of Oxygen: Not required for growth but utilized when available

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22
Q

Comparison of Bacterial Oxygen Metabolism by group - AEROTOLERANT ANAEROBE

A

Aerobic: Growth
Anaerobic: Growth
Effect of Oxygen: Not required and not utilized

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23
Q

Comparison of Bacterial Oxygen Metabolism by group - OBLIGATE ANAEROBE

A

Aerobic: No Growth
Anaerobic: Growth
Effect of Oxygen: Toxic

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24
Q

Classification of Bacteria based on oxygen Metabolism - OBLIGATE AEROBES

A

Nocardia, Bacillus cereus, Neisseria, Pseudomonas, Bordetella, Legionella, Brucella, Mycobacterium

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25
Q

Classification of Bacteria based on oxygen Metabolism - MICROAEROPHILES

A

Streptococcus, Spirochetes (Borrelia, Leptospira, Treponema), Campylobacter, Helicobacter

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26
Q

Classification of Bacteria based on oxygen Metabolism - FACULATIVE ANAEROBES

A

Staphylococcus, Bacillus anthracis, Corynebacterium, Listeria, Mycoplasma

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27
Q

Classification of Bacteria based on oxygen Metabolism - AEROTOLERANT ANAEROBES

A

Propionibacterium, Lactobacillus

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28
Q

Classification of Bacteria based on oxygen Metabolism - OBLIGATE ANAEROBES

A

Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Clostridium

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29
Q

OBLIGATE AEROBES

A 
Nosy and Nagging Pests Must Breathe Lots of oxygen.
Nocardia
Neisseria
Pseudomonas
Mycobacteria
Bordetella / Brucella / B. cereus
Legionella
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30
Q

OBLIGATES ANAEROBES

A

ABC of Anaerobes
Actinomyces
Bacteroides
Clostridium

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31
Q

What happens in Conjugation?

A

DNA transferred from one bacterium to another –> Prokaryotic

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32
Q

What happens in Transduction?

A

DNA transferred by a virus from one cell to another –> Prokaryotic

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33
Q

What happens in Transformation?

A

Purified DNA taken up by a cell –> Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic

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34
Q

Normal Flora of Skin

A

Staphylococcus epidermides

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35
Q

Normal Flora of Nose

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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36
Q

Normal Flora of Mouth

A

Viridans streptococcus

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37
Q

Normal Flora of Dental plaque

A

Streptococcus mutan

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38
Q

OBLIGATES ANAEROBES

A

ABC of Anaerobes
Actinomyces
Bacteroides
Clostridium

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39
Q

What happens in Conjugation?

A

DNA transferred from one bacterium to another –> Prokaryotic

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40
Q

What happens in Transduction?

A

DNA transferred by a virus from one cell to another –> Prokaryotic

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41
Q

What happens in Transformation?

A

Purified DNA taken up by a cell –> Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic

42
Q

Normal Flora of Skin

A

Staphylococcus epidermides

43
Q

Normal Flora of Nose

A

Staphylococcus aureus

44
Q

Normal Flora of Mouth

A

Viridans streptococcus

45
Q

OBLIGATE AEROBES

A 
Nosy and Nagging Pests Must Breathe Lots of oxygen.
Nocardia
Neisseria
Pseudomonas
Mycobacteria
Bordetella / Brucella / B. cereus
Legionella
46
Q

OBLIGATES ANAEROBES

A

ABC of Anaerobes
Actinomyces
Bacteroides
Clostridium

47
Q

What happens in Conjugation?

A

DNA transferred from one bacterium to another –> Prokaryotic

48
Q

What happens in Transduction?

A

DNA transferred by a virus from one cell to another –> Prokaryotic

49
Q

What happens in Transformation?

A

Purified DNA taken up by a cell –> Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic

50
Q

Normal Flora of Skin

A

Staphylococcus epidermides

51
Q

Normal Flora of Nose

A

Staphylococcus aureus

52
Q

Normal Flora of Mouth

A

Viridans streptococcus

53
Q

Normal Flora of Colon

A

Bacteroides , E-coli

54
Q

Normal Flora of Vagina

A

Lactobacillus vaginallis , E-coli, Streptococcus agalactiae

55
Q

Bacteria with IgA Protease

A 
SHiNe My Gong
Streptococcus Pneumoniae
Haemophilus Influenzae
Neisseria Meningitidis
Neisseria Gonorrheae
56
Q

TOXIN:

Source

A

Exotoxin: gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria

Endotoxin: gram-negative bacteria

57
Q

TOXIN:

Secreted from cell

A

Exotoxin: Yes

Endotoxin: No

58
Q

TOXIN:

Chemistry

A

Exotoxin: Polypeptide

Endotoxin: Lipopolysaccharide

59
Q

TOXIN:

Location of Genes

A

Exotoxin: Plasmid or bacteriophage

Endotoxin: Bacterial chromosome

60
Q

TOXIN:

Toxicity

A

Exotoxin: High

Endotoxin: Low

61
Q

TOXIN:

Antigenicity

A

Exotoxin: High

Endotoxin: Low

62
Q

TOXIN:

Vaccines

A

Exotoxin: Toxoids used as vaccines

Endotoxin: No vaccine available

63
Q

TOXIN:

Heat Stability

A

Exotoxin: Destroyed rapidly at 60 C (EXCEPT staphylococcal enterotoxin)

Endotoxin: Stable at 100 C for 1 hour

64
Q

TOXIN:

Typical Diseases

A

Exotoxin: Tetanus, botulism

Endotoxin: Meningococcemia

65
Q

What is the MOA of

Diphtheria toxin, cholera toxin, Escherichia coli heat-labile toxin, and pertussis toxin

A

ADP-ribosylation

66
Q

What is the MOA of

Toxic shock syndrome toxin, Staphylococcal enterotoxin, and erythrogenic toxin

A

Superantigen

67
Q

What is the MOA of

Tetanus toxin, botulinum toxin, lethal factor of anthrax toxin, and scalded skin toxin

A

Protease

68
Q

What is the MOA of

Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin

A

Lecithinase

69
Q

All bacteria have cell walls composed of peptidoglycan EXCEPT

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

70
Q

All gram-positive bacteria have NO endotoxin EXCEPT

A

Listeria monocytogenes

71
Q

All bacterial capsules are composed of polysaccharide EXCEPT

A

Bacillus anthracis

72
Q

All exotoxins are heat-labile EXCEPT

A

Staphylococcal enterotoxin

73
Q

What Culture media is used for Various gram-positive cocci?

A

Blood Agar

Determines pattern of hemolysis

74
Q

What Culture media is used for Various enteric gram-negative rods?

A

MacConkey and Eosin-methylene blue (EMB)

Selects against gram-positive bacteria and differentiates between lactose fermenters and nonfermenters

75
Q

What Culture media is used for Various enteric gram-negative rods?

A

Triple sugar iron (TSI)

Distinguishes lactose fermenters from nonfermenters and H2S producers from nonproducers

76
Q

What Agar is used for Clostridium perfringens?

A

EGG YOLK

77
Q

What Agar is used for Corynebacterium diphtheriae

A

TELLURITE

78
Q

What Agar is used for Group D Sreptococci?

A

BILE ESCULIN

79
Q

What Agar is used for Staphylococci?

A

MANNITOL SALTS

80
Q

What Agar is used for N, meningitidis, N. gonorrhoeae from sterile sites?

A

CHOCOLATE

81
Q

What Agar is used for N. gonorrhoeae from nonsterile sites?

A

THAYER-MARTIN

82
Q

What Agar is used for Haemophilus influenzae?

A

CHOCOLATE + FACTORS X and V

83
Q

What Agar is used for Mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

Lowenstein-Jensen

84
Q

What Agar is used for Vibrio cholerae?

A

Thiosulfate citrate bile salts (TCBS)

85
Q

What Agar is used for bordetella pertussis?

A

Bordet-Gengou

86
Q

What Agar is used for Legionella pneumophila?

A

Charcoal-yeast extract

87
Q

What Agar is used for Campylobacter, Helicobacter?

A

Skirrows

88
Q

What Agar is used for Borrelia burgdorferi?

A

Barbour-Stoenner-kelly (BSK)

89
Q

What Agar is used for Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

A

Eaton

90
Q

What Agar is used for Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

Cetrimide

91
Q

What Agar is used for Salmonella, Shigella?

A

Xylose-lysine-deoxycholate (XLD)

92
Q

What Agar is used for Leptospira interrogans?

A

Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson-Harris (EMJH) / Fletcher’s

93
Q

Mnemonics

Digeorge Syndrome

A 
CATCH-22
Cardiact defect (TOF)
Abnormal facies
Thymic aplasia
Cleft palate
Hypocalcemia
22q11.2 chromosomal deletion
94
Q

Mnemonics

Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome

A 
How do you TIE a WASP?
Thrombocytopenia
Infections
Eczema
WASP mutation (actin filament)
95
Q

Mnemonics

Ataxia Telangiectasia

A

ATI
Ataxia
Telangiectasia
IgA deficiency

96
Q

Primary Immunodeficiency

B cell

A 
Bacteria: Yes
Viruses: Yes
Fungi: No
Protozoa: Yes
Brutyon's XLA, IgA deficiency
97
Q

Primary Immunodeficiency

T cells

A 
Bacteria: No
Viruses: Yes
Fungi: Yes
Protozoa: Yes
Di George Syndrome
98
Q

Primary Immunodeficiency

B cells and T cells

A 
Bacteria: Yes
Viruses: Yes
Fungi: Yes
Protozoa: Yes
SCID, WAS, AT
99
Q

Primary Immunodeficiency

Phagocytes

A 
Bacteria: Yes
Viruses: No
Fungi: Yes
Protozoa: No
CGD, LAD, Chediak Higashi
100
Q

Primary Immunodeficiency

Complement

A 
Bacteria: Yes (Neisseria)
Viruses: No
Fungi: No
Protozoa: No
C5-C9 deficiency

Microbiology (8 decks)

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