Introduction :) Flashcards
What is Neurology?
The management of diseases of the nervous system.
In neurology, many specialties are involved with one patient, this is known as a ______________ approach.
multidisciplinary approach
Language is localised to what hemisphere of the brain?
Left.
What does the role of the right hemisphere of the brain have?
It has a role in communication.
What may neurological diseases affect?
All pathways for speech, language and swallowing.
An slt’s role is to help with _______ as well as management and _______ of progress.
Diagnosis, Evaluation.
An SLT is involved in identifying what?
Lesion Localisation.
It is important for an SLT to determine the _______ on the patient.
Impact
An SLT also provides ______.
Therapy! :)
Name 7 neurological diseases commonly impairing communication.
Myasthenia Gravis Stroke Dementia Motor Neuron Disease (MND) Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Parkinson's Disease (PD) Huntingdon's Disease
Name the plane that splits the body vertically (into left and right).
Sagittal.
Name the plane that splits the body horizontally (into front and back).
Coronal.
What is the anatomical names for the following:
- Front
- Back
- Top
- Bottom
anterior
posterior
superior
inferior.
What makes up the Central Nervous System?
The Brain and the Spinal Cord.
Nerves make up the __________ Nervous System.
Peripheral.
What is the role of the CNS?
To store information and issue orders to muscles, glands and organs.
What is referred to as the bridge between the brain and peripheral nerves?
The Spinal Cord.
What is the role of the PNS?
It transmits information to and from the CNS.
Name the 2 divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System.
- Somatic Nervous System
- Autonomic Nervous System
What is the role of the Somatic Nervous System?
To control Skeletal Muscles.
What is the role of the Autonomic Nervous System?
It regulates gland, blood vessels and internal organs.
Out of Somatic and Autonomic- what nervous system further divides?
Autonomic Nervous System.
Name what the autonomic nervous system divides into.
- Sympathetic Nervous System
- Parasympathetic Nervous System
The sympathetic nervous system is known for the what response?
The fight or flight response (mobilises body for action, energy output).
The parasympathetic nervous system is known for what response?
The rest and digest response. (conserves energy, maintains quiet state.)
What is the encephalon?
The brain DUUUUHH
The ______ has 4 lobes.
Cerebrum
What connects the cerebral hemispheres?
The Corpus callosum.
The ______ _______ are associated with a variety of functions including: control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, routine behaviours or “habits” such as teeth grinding, eye movements, cognition and emotion.
basal ganglia
Name an important group of subcortical nuclei.
The basal ganglia.
The _________ lobe is not a single brain structure, but rather an interacting group of brain structures that includes portions of each lobe of the cerebral cortex.
limbic
What shape is the limbic lobe?
a C shape
what is the limbic lobe vital for?
the functioning of memory, learning, motivation, and emotion, endocrine functions and some autonomic (automatic, unconscious) bodily functions.
What is found under the cerebrum?
The cerebellum.
The cerebellum is a _____ shape.
Fan.
What is the role of the cerebellum?
It is responsible for human movement, co-ordination, motor control and sensory perception. (important for balance etc.)
Name the posterior part of the brain joining with the spinal cord.
Brain stem.
The brain stem connects the ________ with the __________ ___________.
cerebrum, spinal cord.
Most _____ _____ are found in the brain stem.
cranial nerves. (10 of them)
What provides the main motor and sensory innervation to the face and neck via the cranial nerves?
The brain stem
The brainstem also plays an important role in the regulation of _______and _____ function.
Cardiac, Respiratory
What part of the brain maintains consciousness and regulating the sleep cycle?
Brain Stem.
Name some basic functions of the brain stem.
Alertness Heart rate Breathing Sleeping Eating
A spinal nerve is a _____ nerve which carries motor, sensory and autonomic signals between the _____ _____ and the _________.
Mixed, Spinal Cord, Body.
Name the 2 types of Spinal Nerves.
Afferent and Efferent.
What are Efferent Nerves?
Nerve fibres that transmit nerve impulses away from the CNS (from brain to body).
What are muscle fibres?
Efferent fibres that go to muscles and make them contract.
What are Afferent Nerves?
Nerve fibres that carry information to CNS including sensations of touch, pain & temperature (From body to the brain).
What do large lesions do?
They impair motor and sensory functions.
Carries information TO the CNS - efferent or afferent?
Afferent.
Carries information FROM the CNS- efferent or afferent?
Efferent.
Name the Cranial Nerves Important for Speech and Hearing.
Trigeminal - 5 Facial - 7 Vestibulocochlear - 8 Glossopharyngeal - 9 Vagus - 10 Spinal Accessory - 11 Hypoglossal - 12
Is the trigeminal nerve motor, sensory or both?
both.
What is the trigeminal nerve responsible for?
Mastication and sensation to face, teeth, gums and parts of tongue.
What cranial nerve flattens and tenses the soft palate?
Trigeminal Nerve.
How would you test the Trigeminal Nerve?
Jaw Movements, biting hard, pushing jaw against hand.
What nerve is motor and sensory- the sensory taste fibres running through the tongue and palate, the motor passing through the ear (stapes). Branching to the lower and upper face.
Facial.
Sensory nerves of the __________ nerve branch to the forehead, eyes, nose, maxilla, cheeks, palate, tongue, teeth and lips.
Trigeminal.
What is the function of the facial nerve?
- Movements of facial expression.
- wrinkling forehead
- closing eyes/lips
- pulls larynx up and down
- some involvement in taste
What nerve is this the test for?
Wrinkle Forehead
Close eyes tight
Mouth movements
Facial Nerve.
What nerve is located in the cochlear?
the Vestibulocochlear Nerve.
What is the function of the Vestibulocochlear Nerve?
Takes information from inner ear to nervous system.
What nerve test would involve an audiologist and an SLT may notice dizziness?
The vestibulocochlear nerve.
Is the vestibulocochlear nerve- sensory, motor or both?
Sensory :)
Name this nerve-
It is a sensory and motor nerve from both hemispheres to the pharynx and larynx.
Glossopharyngeal.
What is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Raises pharynx and larynx for swallowing.
Triggers swallowing response
Gag Reflex
How would you test the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Presence of gag reflex (but not everyone has one!)
Name this nerve-
It braches to the pharynx and larynx.
Vagus nerve.
What is the function of the Vagus nerve?
Heart
Moves intrinsic muscles of larynx
pain from larynx, pharynx, ear canal
How do you test for the Vagus Nerve?
Maximum Phonation Time.
Movement of Pharynx.
Both the glossopharyngeal and Vagus nerves are _________ nerves.
mixed- motor & sensory!
The motor nerve that connects to the uvular and neck is called the __________________.
Spinal Accessory Nerve.
What is the function of the Spinal Accessory Nerve?
Move head- rotate, thrust head (sternocleidomastoid muscle)
How would you test for the spinal accessory nerve?
look at sternocleidomastoid and get client to move head.
Describe the anatomy of the hypoglossal nerve.
Motor Nerve.
Runs under tongue.
Branches to larynx.
what is the nerve responsible for tongue movement, that contributes to phonation?
Hypoglossal nerve.
How would you test the Hypoglossal Nerve?
Look at tongue
Protude tongue
Name the other cranial nerves not involved in speech and their functions.
Olfactory -1 - smell
Optic - 2 - vision
Oculomotor - 3, Trochlear -4 and Abducens -6 = eye movements.
What are all of these examples of? Blood Tests Computerised Tomography (CT) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Electro-Encephalography (EEG) Nerve Conduction Studies (NCS) Lumbar Puncture.
Diagnostics.
What does EMG do?
Records electrical activity of motor units.
What can EMG evaluate?
Muscle disorders and neuromuscular junction disorders.
What measures-
the responses in sensory nerves after stimulation
&
muscle action potential after motor nerve stimulation.
NCS
What does NCS (nerve conduction studies) evaluate?
Peripheral Nerve Damage.
What diagnostic is useful in the diagnosis of infective and inflammatory conditions e.g. MS and meningitis?
Lumbar Puncture
