Introduction

Question 1

What agents can cause disease?

Answer 1

Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, Parasites (Protozoa and Helminths) and Archaea

Question 2

What is a proteinacious infectious particle that causes transmissible spongiform encephalopathies?

Answer 2

Prions

Question 3

A normal form of protein is found mainly on the surface of cells in the CNS and may play a protective role in cells helping them respond to ________ deficiency.

Answer 3

O2

Question 4

T/F Prions are resistant to proteases?

Answer 4

True

Question 5

T/F Prions trigger an immune response?

Answer 5

False, they are an abnormal version of a normal protein made in the body they do NOT trigger a host immune response.

Question 6

Who discovered Prions and won a Nobel Prize in 1997?

Answer 6

Stanley B. Prusiner

Question 7

What is the Immune System “mantra”?

Answer 7

“Kill the pathogen, don’t harm the host.”

Question 8

What two components provide a physical barrier against pathogens?

Answer 8

1. ) Skin

2. ) Mucous Membranes

Question 9

Which is the best physical barrier in terms of square meters?

Answer 9

Mucous Membranes

Question 10

What chemical barriers exist in the body?

Answer 10

Antimicrobial enzymes/peptides (such as lysozyme/defensins and cathelicidins/histatins) and acid pH in stomach.

Question 11

What competes with pathogens for nutrients and attachment sites?

Answer 11

Commensal microbiota (gut)

Question 12

What type of immune system is nonspecific?

Answer 12

Innate Immune System

Question 13

What type of immune system is specific? “cognant antigen”

Answer 13

Adaptive Immune System

Question 14

What viscous fluid contains mucins that consists of many glycoproteins?

Answer 14

Mucus

Question 15

What are the three functions of Mucus?

Answer 15

1. ) Prevent attachment of organisms
2. ) Expulsion of organisms in respiratory tract and GI tract
3. ) Mucus flow in clearing infection

Question 16

What does thick or impaired mucus flow predispose an individual to?

Answer 16

Chronic Infection (ex. Cystic Fibrosis)

Question 17

What do Macrophages do?

Answer 17

Kill and Antigen Presentation

Question 18

What do Neutrophils do?

Answer 18

Professional Killers

Question 19

What do Natural Killer Cells do?

Answer 19

Kill

Question 20

What do Dendritic Cells do?

Answer 20

Antigen capture in one location and presentation in another. (Act as a LIAISON between innate and adaptive immune systems)

Question 21

What system includes 20 proteins produced by the liver that form membrane attack complexes?

Answer 21

The Complement System

Question 22

What do membrane attack complexes do?

Answer 22

Poke holes in the cell membrane.

Question 23

T/F Inflammation is an innate immune cell response?

Answer 23

True

Question 24

What is the classic pro-inflammatory cytokine trio?

Answer 24

IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-alpha

Question 25

What cells are part of the innate immune system?

Answer 25

Monocytes (macrophages), neutrophils, natural killer cells, dendritic cells

Question 26

What cells are part of the adaptive immune system?

Answer 26

B cells and T cells (lymphocytes)

Question 27

What cells produce antibodies?

Answer 27

B cells (can differentiate into plasma cells which make antibodies)

Question 28

What are the 4 major functions of antibodies?

Answer 28

1. ) Neutralization 2. ) Opsonization 3. ) Complement Activation 4. ) Antibody-Dependent Cell Mediated Cytotoxicity

Question 29

What is Neutralization?

Answer 29

Preventing pathogen-host binding, blocking access to cells.

Question 30

What is Opsonization?

Answer 30

Binding to pathogen which enables phagocytes to ingest organism.

Question 31

What is Complement Activation?

Answer 31

Destruction by membrane attack complexes

Question 32

What is Antibody-Dependent Cell Mediated Cytotoxicity?

Answer 32

NK-Induced Apoptosis

Question 33

Do Antigens kill pathogens directly?

Answer 33

No

Question 34

What types of T cells exist?

Answer 34

T helper cells, T killer cells and Regulatory T cells

Question 35

What is the most important biological consequence of adaptive immunity?

Answer 35

Immunological Memory (basis for immunization)

Question 36

_______ recruit fluid, cells and molecules to the site of infection.

Answer 36

Cytokines (like TNF-a)

Question 37

When fluid is recruited to an area that causes swelling and other physiologic changes this is known as: _________.

Answer 37

Inflammation

Question 38

If the inflammatory response is not regulated it can lead to ________ and eventual death.

Answer 38

Sepsis

Question 39

Antibodies (B cell receptors) and T cell receptors are looking for their match to bind to i.e. their ________ _______.

Answer 39

Cognate antigen

Question 40

What does the cognate antigen stimulate proliferation of via clonal selection?

Answer 40

T cells and B cells

Question 41

What is required by T cells for activation?

Answer 41

Antigen presentation

Question 42

What cells present antigen to T cells?

Answer 42

Dendritic cells, Macrophages and B cells

Question 43

What are hormone like messengers (proteins) produced by certain immune cells, especially T helper cells, that communicate with other cells (both immune cells and non-immune cells) and affect the immune response?

Answer 43

Cytokines

Question 44

What does IL-1 cause?

Answer 44

Hypothalamic fever response

Question 45

What does TNF from macrophages cause?

Answer 45

Inflammation

Question 46

What is responsible for tissue rejection in organ transplantation?

Answer 46

MHC proteins

Question 47

What do MHCs do?q

Answer 47

Function as billboards to display chopped up peptides

Question 48

What class of MHC is found on virtually every cell of the body?

Answer 48

MHC Class I

Question 49

What class of MHC is typically only found on antigen presenting cells?

Answer 49

MHC Class 2

Question 50

What immune response is fast (minutes to hours)?

Answer 50

Innate

Question 51

What immune response is slow (days)?

Answer 51

Adaptive

Question 52

What immune response has unfocused antigen receptors looking for cognate antigen?

Answer 52

Adaptive

Question 53

What immune response has antigen receptors precisely tuned to recognize PRRs?

Answer 53

Innate

Question 54

What immune response has individualized plastic memory?

Answer 54

Adaptive

Question 55

What immune response integrates information collected about invader?

Answer 55

Innate

Question 56

What immune response has a hard wired memory?

Answer 56

Innate

Question 57

What immune response can sense danger and activate the adaptive immune response?

Answer 57

Innate

Question 58

What immune response determines weapons to be used (B vs. T cells)?

Answer 58

Innate

Question 59

What are the granulocytes?

Answer 59

Neutrophils, Basophils, Mast cells, and Eosinophils

Question 60

What are the myeloid antigen-presenting cells?

Answer 60

Macrophages and Dendritic cells

Question 61

What cells are of lymphoid lineage?

Answer 61

B cells and T cells

Question 62

Distribution of WBCs?

Answer 62

Neutrophils > Lymphocytes > Monocytes > Eosinophils > Basophils

Question 63

What do CD stand for?

Answer 63

Cluster of differentitation