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Immunology Exam I > B Cells and Antibodies > Flashcards

B Cells and Antibodies Flashcards

1
Q

How diverse are B cells?

A

Incredibly diverse (100 million different types)

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2
Q

What are “Y” shaped proteins that attach to antigens?

A

Antibodies

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3
Q

What causes the immune system to create antibodies specifically targeting that something?

A

Antigen

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4
Q

What is an antigen that a given B cell’s receptors recognize?

A

Cognate Antigen

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5
Q

What is part of the antigen that the antibody recognizes and attaches?

A

Epitope

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6
Q

What is part of the antibody that reconizes and attaches an epitope?

A

Paratope

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7
Q

Approximately how many different molecules do antibodies have to recognize to account for all possible forms of non-self?

A

100,000,000 different molecules

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8
Q

What two things create antibody diversity?

A

Modular design and junctional diversity

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9
Q

Where are antibodies made?

A

B cells

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10
Q

What are the four gene segments that code the antibody’s heavy chain?

A

V D J C

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11
Q

What is the Fab Region on an antibody?

A

Antigen binding region/Light Chain

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12
Q

What is the Fc Region on an antibody?

A

Heavy Chain/Constant Region

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13
Q

In addition to modular design, additional DNA bases are added or subtracted when the gene segments are joined together, which is called _________ diversity. This brings the B cell’s ability to make different antibodies up to about 100 million!

A

Junctional diversity

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14
Q

What are BCRs?

A

B cell receptors…antibodies attached to the surface of B cells.

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15
Q

How variable are BCRs on one B cell?

A

They are all the same.

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16
Q

The B cell fishes for its specific match or ________ _______.

A

Cognate antigen

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17
Q

Do most B cells find their match?

A

No

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18
Q

B cells that have never encountered their cognate antigen are called ______ or ______ B cells.

A

Naive or Virgin

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19
Q

B cells that have been activated are called __________ B cells.

A

Experienced

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20
Q

What two signals do B cells need to be activated?

A
  1. ) Clustering of B cell receptors

2. ) Co-stimulatory signal (T-Cell dependent or T-Cell independent [pattern reconition])

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21
Q

What components associated with antibodies interact with enzymes inside the cell?

A

Iga and IgB

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22
Q

What do Iga and IgB signal?

A

That we have found the epitope.

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23
Q

When BCR and ________ receptors are brought together on an opsonized antigen, there is a massive decrease in the number (100-fold) of BCRs that need to be clustered to signal the nucleus.

A

Complement receptors

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24
Q

When B cell is stimulated by antigen and a helper T cell it is called what?

A

T-cell dependent co-stimulation

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25
Q

Some antigens have repeating patterns and will heavily cluster BCRs. This is considered what?

A

T-cell independent co-stimulation

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26
Q

What type of T-cell co stimulation occurs when the antigen binds to B cell molecules that are not BCRs but still causes clustering of BCRs and the signal is not dependent of the recognition of the cognate antigen? (such as parasites)

A

Un-natural T cell co-stimulation

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27
Q

What does Un-natural T-cell co-stimulation result in?

A

Polyclonal activation of B cells where many different kinds of B cells are replicated.

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28
Q

B cells double in size and then divide at a rate of 12 hours ber growth and division. At this rate how long do the cells have to grow and divide to result in 20,000 identical B cells?

A

About a week

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29
Q

Most B cells become ________ cells (antibody factories)

A

PLASMA

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30
Q

Some B cells become _______ cells (less common)

A

MEMORY B

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31
Q

One plasma cell can produce ______ antibodies per second.

A

2,000

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32
Q

After activation and proliferation B cells go through a __________ process.

A

Maturation

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33
Q

What are the three steps in the maturation process of B cells?

A

Somatic Hypermutation, Career decision and Class Switching

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34
Q

What is the maturation process of BCR genes undergoing mutation and selection which creates a greater affinity of the BCR for its cognate antigen?

A

Somatic Hypermutation

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35
Q

What is the maturation process where B cells may become a plasma cell and may become a memory cell?

A

Career Decision

36
Q

What is the maturation process where a B cell changes the class of antibody it produces?

A

Class Switching

37
Q

What is unique about the V,D and J gene segments on B cell chromosomes?

A

One mutated base pair per 1000 bases per DNA replication cycle (normal genes have 1/100,000,000 base mutations per DNA replication cycle).

38
Q

Maturation results in immune system ______ ________.

A

“Fine Tuning”

39
Q

How long lived are plasma cells?

A

Only a few days

40
Q

What is required for B cells to make career choice as a memory B cell?

A

Helper T cell (with CD40) interaction

41
Q

How long lived are memory B cells?

A

Greater than 50 years

42
Q

What are the classes of antibodies?

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, (IgD)

“GAME” or “GAMED”

43
Q

How is the class of antibody determined?

A

By the constant (Fc) region of it’s heavy chain.

44
Q

What antibodies are made first by naive B cells?

A

IgM

45
Q

Without T cell help, what are B cells unable to do?

A

Class switch antibodies and can only make IgM

46
Q

What are the functions of antibodies?

A
  1. ) Opsonization
  2. ) Neutralization of exotoxins
  3. ) Activation of Complement
  4. ) Antibody-Dependent Cell Mediated Cytotoxicity
47
Q

What does opsonization cause?

A

Ingestion by macrophage

48
Q

What does neutralization cause?

A

Ingestion by macrophage

49
Q

What does activation of complement cause?

A

Lysis and ingestion by macrophage

50
Q

What does Antibody-Dependent Cell Mediated Cytotoxicity cause?

A

Infected or tumor cell subject to NK apoptosis (antibodies don’t kill directly)

51
Q

What antibody can pass from the mother’s blood to the fetus via the placenta?

A

IgG

52
Q

What is the longest lived antibody?

A

IgG

53
Q

What antibody is the main guard to mucosal surfaces?

A

IgA

54
Q

What antibody is the first immunoglobulin to be made following antigen recognition?

A

IgM

55
Q

What antibody is made in response to allergen exposure?

A

IgE

56
Q

What antibody is similar to IgM, the function is not clear and was discovered in 1964?

A

IgD

57
Q

What antibody binds to the surface of mast cells?

A

IgE

58
Q

What antibody has higher levels in the serum than any other?

A

IgG

59
Q

What antibody has a half-life of 1 day?

A

IgM

60
Q

What antibody immobilizes the antigen?

A

IgM

61
Q

What antibody are long lived on mast cells?

A

IgE

62
Q

What antibody can lead to shock?

A

IgE

63
Q

What antibody is in breast milk and can coat the baby’s GI tract?

A

IgA

64
Q

What antibody can cluster pathogens together?

A

IgA

65
Q

What antibody binds and neutralizes pathogens and toxins on the gut surface?

A

IgA

66
Q

What antibody is an OK complement fixer?

A

IgG

67
Q

What antibody is the most abundant antibody class in the human body?

A

IgA

68
Q

IgA deficiency may be compensated for by secretory ____.

A

IgM

69
Q

Which antibody is useless at binding complement?

A

IgA

70
Q

What antibody looks like two IgGs clipped together?

A

IgA

71
Q

What antibody is able to bind and neutralize antigens internalized in endosomes?

A

IgA

72
Q

What antibody can export toxins and pathogens from the lamina propria while being secreted?

A

IgA

73
Q

Rejected bacteria make up _____% of normal fecal matter?

A

30%

74
Q

What antibody is large and equals 5 IgGs?

A

IgM

75
Q

What antibody activates the complement system via the classical pathway (great complement fixer)?

A

IgM

76
Q

T/F Secondary exposure to an allergen is a bigger response?

A

True

77
Q

Mast cells store ________ (harsh chemistry).

A

Histamine

78
Q

Dumping histamines on parasites will kill them but may cause a(n) ________ reaction.

A

Allergic

79
Q

Large systemic impact of anaphylactic shock can cause a _______ _______ via massive degranulation and __________via smooth muscle contraction of respiratory tract.

A

Heart Attack; Suffocation

80
Q

What term means to provide protection, prevent disease and guard or prevent beforehand?

A

Prophylaxis

81
Q

What term was coined to mean the opposite of prophylaxis and is an acute allergic reaction to an antigen?

A

Anaphylaxis

82
Q

What two antibodies are good opsonizers?

A

IgG and IgM

83
Q

Class switching is controlled by _________.

A

Cytokines

84
Q

T/F Different pathogens provoke different cytokines.

A

True

85
Q

T/F Cells from different areas of the body make the same mixes of cytokines.

A

False, There are characteristic mixes of cytokines in different areas of the body. This is how we know where to focus the attack.

86
Q

What is passive immunotherapy?

A

Endowment of resistance to pathogens by antibody transfer from immune donors to protect other individuals.

Immunology Exam I (4 decks)

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