B Cells and Antibodies

Question 1

How diverse are B cells?

Answer 1

Incredibly diverse (100 million different types)

Question 2

What are “Y” shaped proteins that attach to antigens?

Answer 2

Antibodies

Question 3

What causes the immune system to create antibodies specifically targeting that something?

Answer 3

Antigen

Question 4

What is an antigen that a given B cell’s receptors recognize?

Answer 4

Cognate Antigen

Question 5

What is part of the antigen that the antibody recognizes and attaches?

Answer 5

Epitope

Question 6

What is part of the antibody that reconizes and attaches an epitope?

Answer 6

Paratope

Question 7

Approximately how many different molecules do antibodies have to recognize to account for all possible forms of non-self?

Answer 7

100,000,000 different molecules

Question 8

What two things create antibody diversity?

Answer 8

Modular design and junctional diversity

Question 9

Where are antibodies made?

Answer 9

B cells

Question 10

What are the four gene segments that code the antibody’s heavy chain?

Answer 10

V D J C

Question 11

What is the Fab Region on an antibody?

Answer 11

Antigen binding region/Light Chain

Question 12

What is the Fc Region on an antibody?

Answer 12

Heavy Chain/Constant Region

Question 13

In addition to modular design, additional DNA bases are added or subtracted when the gene segments are joined together, which is called _________ diversity. This brings the B cell’s ability to make different antibodies up to about 100 million!

Answer 13

Junctional diversity

Question 14

What are BCRs?

Answer 14

B cell receptors…antibodies attached to the surface of B cells.

Question 15

How variable are BCRs on one B cell?

Answer 15

They are all the same.

Question 16

The B cell fishes for its specific match or ________ _______.

Answer 16

Cognate antigen

Question 17

Do most B cells find their match?

Answer 17

No

Question 18

B cells that have never encountered their cognate antigen are called ______ or ______ B cells.

Answer 18

Naive or Virgin

Question 19

B cells that have been activated are called __________ B cells.

Answer 19

Experienced

Question 20

What two signals do B cells need to be activated?

Answer 20

1. ) Clustering of B cell receptors

2. ) Co-stimulatory signal (T-Cell dependent or T-Cell independent [pattern reconition])

Question 21

What components associated with antibodies interact with enzymes inside the cell?

Answer 21

Iga and IgB

Question 22

What do Iga and IgB signal?

Answer 22

That we have found the epitope.

Question 23

When BCR and ________ receptors are brought together on an opsonized antigen, there is a massive decrease in the number (100-fold) of BCRs that need to be clustered to signal the nucleus.

Answer 23

Complement receptors

Question 24

When B cell is stimulated by antigen and a helper T cell it is called what?

Answer 24

T-cell dependent co-stimulation

Question 25

Some antigens have repeating patterns and will heavily cluster BCRs. This is considered what?

Answer 25

T-cell independent co-stimulation

Question 26

What type of T-cell co stimulation occurs when the antigen binds to B cell molecules that are not BCRs but still causes clustering of BCRs and the signal is not dependent of the recognition of the cognate antigen? (such as parasites)

Answer 26

Un-natural T cell co-stimulation

Question 27

What does Un-natural T-cell co-stimulation result in?

Answer 27

Polyclonal activation of B cells where many different kinds of B cells are replicated.

Question 28

B cells double in size and then divide at a rate of 12 hours ber growth and division. At this rate how long do the cells have to grow and divide to result in 20,000 identical B cells?

Answer 28

About a week

Question 29

Most B cells become ________ cells (antibody factories)

Answer 29

PLASMA

Question 30

Some B cells become _______ cells (less common)

Answer 30

MEMORY B

Question 31

One plasma cell can produce ______ antibodies per second.

Answer 31

2,000

Question 32

After activation and proliferation B cells go through a __________ process.

Answer 32

Maturation

Question 33

What are the three steps in the maturation process of B cells?

Answer 33

Somatic Hypermutation, Career decision and Class Switching

Question 34

What is the maturation process of BCR genes undergoing mutation and selection which creates a greater affinity of the BCR for its cognate antigen?

Answer 34

Somatic Hypermutation

Question 35

What is the maturation process where B cells may become a plasma cell and may become a memory cell?

Answer 35

Career Decision

Question 36

What is the maturation process where a B cell changes the class of antibody it produces?

Answer 36

Class Switching

Question 37

What is unique about the V,D and J gene segments on B cell chromosomes?

Answer 37

One mutated base pair per 1000 bases per DNA replication cycle (normal genes have 1/100,000,000 base mutations per DNA replication cycle).

Question 38

Maturation results in immune system ______ ________.

Answer 38

"Fine Tuning"

Question 39

How long lived are plasma cells?

Answer 39

Only a few days

Question 40

What is required for B cells to make career choice as a memory B cell?

Answer 40

Helper T cell (with CD40) interaction

Question 41

How long lived are memory B cells?

Answer 41

Greater than 50 years

Question 42

What are the classes of antibodies?

Answer 42

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, (IgD) | "GAME" or "GAMED"

Question 43

How is the class of antibody determined?

Answer 43

By the constant (Fc) region of it's heavy chain.

Question 44

What antibodies are made first by naive B cells?

Answer 44

IgM

Question 45

Without T cell help, what are B cells unable to do?

Answer 45

Class switch antibodies and can only make IgM

Question 46

What are the functions of antibodies?

Answer 46

1. ) Opsonization 2. ) Neutralization of exotoxins 3. ) Activation of Complement 4. ) Antibody-Dependent Cell Mediated Cytotoxicity

Question 47

What does opsonization cause?

Answer 47

Ingestion by macrophage

Question 48

What does neutralization cause?

Answer 48

Ingestion by macrophage

Question 49

What does activation of complement cause?

Answer 49

Lysis and ingestion by macrophage

Question 50

What does Antibody-Dependent Cell Mediated Cytotoxicity cause?

Answer 50

Infected or tumor cell subject to NK apoptosis (antibodies don't kill directly)

Question 51

What antibody can pass from the mother's blood to the fetus via the placenta?

Answer 51

IgG

Question 52

What is the longest lived antibody?

Answer 52

IgG

Question 53

What antibody is the main guard to mucosal surfaces?

Answer 53

IgA

Question 54

What antibody is the first immunoglobulin to be made following antigen recognition?

Answer 54

IgM

Question 55

What antibody is made in response to allergen exposure?

Answer 55

IgE

Question 56

What antibody is similar to IgM, the function is not clear and was discovered in 1964?

Answer 56

IgD

Question 57

What antibody binds to the surface of mast cells?

Answer 57

IgE

Question 58

What antibody has higher levels in the serum than any other?

Answer 58

IgG

Question 59

What antibody has a half-life of 1 day?

Answer 59

IgM

Question 60

What antibody immobilizes the antigen?

Answer 60

IgM

Question 61

What antibody are long lived on mast cells?

Answer 61

IgE

Question 62

What antibody can lead to shock?

Answer 62

IgE

Question 63

What antibody is in breast milk and can coat the baby's GI tract?

Answer 63

IgA

Question 64

What antibody can cluster pathogens together?

Answer 64

IgA

Question 65

What antibody binds and neutralizes pathogens and toxins on the gut surface?

Answer 65

IgA

Question 66

What antibody is an OK complement fixer?

Answer 66

IgG

Question 67

What antibody is the most abundant antibody class in the human body?

Answer 67

IgA

Question 68

IgA deficiency may be compensated for by secretory ____.

Answer 68

IgM

Question 69

Which antibody is useless at binding complement?

Answer 69

IgA

Question 70

What antibody looks like two IgGs clipped together?

Answer 70

IgA

Question 71

What antibody is able to bind and neutralize antigens internalized in endosomes?

Answer 71

IgA

Question 72

What antibody can export toxins and pathogens from the lamina propria while being secreted?

Answer 72

IgA

Question 73

Rejected bacteria make up _____% of normal fecal matter?

Answer 73

30%

Question 74

What antibody is large and equals 5 IgGs?

Answer 74

IgM

Question 75

What antibody activates the complement system via the classical pathway (great complement fixer)?

Answer 75

IgM

Question 76

T/F Secondary exposure to an allergen is a bigger response?

Answer 76

True

Question 77

Mast cells store ________ (harsh chemistry).

Answer 77

Histamine

Question 78

Dumping histamines on parasites will kill them but may cause a(n) ________ reaction.

Answer 78

Allergic

Question 79

Large systemic impact of anaphylactic shock can cause a _______ _______ via massive degranulation and __________via smooth muscle contraction of respiratory tract.

Answer 79

Heart Attack; Suffocation

Question 80

What term means to provide protection, prevent disease and guard or prevent beforehand?

Answer 80

Prophylaxis

Question 81

What term was coined to mean the opposite of prophylaxis and is an acute allergic reaction to an antigen?

Answer 81

Anaphylaxis

Question 82

What two antibodies are good opsonizers?

Answer 82

IgG and IgM

Question 83

Class switching is controlled by _________.

Answer 83

Cytokines

Question 84

T/F Different pathogens provoke different cytokines.

Answer 84

True

Question 85

T/F Cells from different areas of the body make the same mixes of cytokines.

Answer 85

False, There are characteristic mixes of cytokines in different areas of the body. This is how we know where to focus the attack.

Question 86

What is passive immunotherapy?

Answer 86

Endowment of resistance to pathogens by antibody transfer from immune donors to protect other individuals.