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Immunology Exam I > Innate Immune System > Flashcards

Innate Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What are receptors of the innate immune system that recognize common molecular patterns on pathogen surface (PAMPs)?

A

PRR (Pattern Recognition Receptors)

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2
Q

What PRRs exist?

A

Toll-like receptors, LPS (CD14) receptor, scavenger receptor, glucan receptor, NOD-like receptors (intracellular).

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3
Q

What are molecules specifically associated with groups of pathogens (not shared by host cells) that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system?

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

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4
Q

“Poor man’s antibodies” Marks bad guys to get eaten by phagocytes (opsonization)

A

Complement system

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5
Q

What acts as a chemical signal to attract phagocytes in the innate immune response?

A

Complement system

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6
Q

What makes the MACs that lyse bacterial cell membranes?

A

Complement system

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7
Q

What targets that pathogen for both lysis and phagocytosis by effector cells such as macrophages and neutrophils?

A

Complement system

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8
Q

How many proteins are included in the complement system?

A

20

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9
Q

What organ makes the complement proteins?

A

Liver

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10
Q

What other cell can make complement proteins?

A

Activated macrophages

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11
Q

What are the three pathways used to activate the complement system?

A

Alternative pathway, lectin pathway and classical pathway (antibody dependent)

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12
Q

What are the three main functions of complement proteins?

A
  1. Opsonization (like antibodies)
  2. Enhance bactericidal action of phagocytes
  3. Kills pathogens (unlike antibodies) via MACs
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13
Q

In the alternate pathway, the ______ is showering the body with the production of complement proteins.

A

Liver

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14
Q

Are antibodies required in the alternate pathway for the complement system?

A

No, the name “alternate” is referring to the complement system using a type of activation that is an “alternative” to using antibodies.

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15
Q

In the alternate pathway _____ floats around, but will spontaneously split into two parts.

A

C3

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16
Q

C3 splits into ____ & ____.

A

C3a and C3b

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17
Q

What are the two fates of C3b?

A

1.) Neutralization by water within 60 microseconds

OR

2.) Bind to bad guy’s surface (either to amino or hydroxyl groups)

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18
Q

The default option in the complement system is _______: any surface not protected against binding by complement fragments will be targeted for ________.

A

Death, destruction

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19
Q

After C3 splits, what binds to C3b?

A

another complement protein “B” making C3Bb.

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20
Q

After C3b is attached to B to make C3Bb, what protein acts as a buzzsaw to split C3 and C5 and create C3bBb?

A

Complement protein “D”

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21
Q

What function does C3bBb have?

A

Can split more C3 and C5.

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22
Q

Overall what does the splitting of C3 cause?

A

More C3bBb complement proteins coat the invader.

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23
Q

C3bBb interacts with ____, splitting it into _____ and _____.

A

C5, C5a and C5b

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24
Q

The new C5b will combine with other complement proteins such as?

A

C6, C7, C8 and C9

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25
Q

What does the binding of C5b with other complement proteins result in?

A

Membrane Attack Complex “MAC”

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26
Q

What does the MAC do?

A

Drills a hole in bacterial membrane and kills bacteria.

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27
Q

What do C3a and C5a function as?

A

Chemoattractants: attrack macrophages and neutrophils and then activate macrophages and neutrophils.

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28
Q

What are the 3 protection proteins?

A
  1. ) MCP (membrane cofactor of proteolysis) :present on human cells
  2. ) DAF (decay accelerating factor)
  3. ) Protectin (CD59).
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29
Q

What does MCP (membrane cofactor of proteolysis) do?

A

Cleaves both C3b and C4b into an inactive form.

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30
Q

What does DAF (decay accelerating factor) do?

A

Accelerates the destruction of convertase (C3bBb).

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31
Q

What does Protectin (CD59) do?

A

A cell surface protein that removes MACs before they drill holes.

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32
Q

What protein is used by the Lectin Activation Pathway?

A

Mannose-Binding Lectin Protein (MBL)

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33
Q

Where is Mannose-Binding Lectin Protein (MBL) produced?

A

Liver

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34
Q

Where is Mannose-Binding Lectin Protein (MBL) found in moderate amounts?

A

Blood and Tissues

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35
Q

_______ is a protein that attaches to a carbohydrate molecule (mannose).

A

Lectin

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36
Q

MBL activates the complement system by binding ______ which clips C3 to make C3b.

A

MASP (MBL associated serine protein)

37
Q

_________ is a monosaccharide found on the surface of many pathogens such as Yeasts, Viruses, Bacteria and parasites.

A

Mannose

38
Q

T/F the classical complement system pathway is antibody independent.

A

FALSE, it is antibody dependent.

39
Q

In the classical pathway, when an antibody binds to a bacterial surface its Fc region (tail) provides a platform to activate _____ (the first protein of the complement system).

A

C1

40
Q

Once the antibodies are produced complement activation is substantially: _________ (increased or decreased)?

A

Increased

41
Q

Both _________ and ________ coat pathogen surface and enable phagocytes to engulf and destroy bacteria phagocytes might otherwise not recognize.

A

Complement and Antibodies

42
Q

What are the two main functions of sentinel phagocytes?

A
  1. ) Engulf and Digest invading microorganisms

2. ) Induction of inflammatory response

43
Q

What professional phagocyte roams around in tissue?

A

Macrophage

44
Q

What professional phagocyte roams around in blood?

A

Neutrophil

45
Q

Where are Macrophages found?

A

All over the place: under the skin, lungs & intestines.

46
Q

What are the 3 stages of readiness for macrophages?

A

Resting, Activated (Primed), or Hyperactive

47
Q

What is the function of a resting macrophage?

A

Eating or snacking casually.
Slowly proliferating.
Express very few Class II MHCs.
Live for months in tissue.

48
Q

__________ circulate in blood, exit blood and differentiated in tissues to macrophages. Also give rise to dendritic cells.

A

Monocytes

49
Q

When does a macrophage coverted from resting to primed?

A

After receiving a signal that there are bad guys in the area.

50
Q

What is the function of a primed macrophage?

A

Eat much more.
Express more Class II MHCs.
Function more as an antigen presenting cell.
Work much more with Helper T cells.

51
Q

How does Interferon gamma (IFN-y) affect a macrophage?

A

This chemical signal can prime a macrophage

52
Q

What can primed macrophages produce?

A

Several complement proteins such as C3, Factor B and Factor D.

53
Q

When does a macrophage covert to a hyperactive state?

A

After receiving a direct signal from a bad guy. (LPS from bacterial cell wall or mannose from bacterial cell wall).

54
Q

What is the function of a Hyperactive macrophage?

A

Stops proliferating.
Focuses attention on killing.
Grows larger (big enough to eat whole cells).
Increases rate of eating.

55
Q

What do Hyperactive macrophages emit?

A

Cytokines

56
Q

Hyperactive macrophages have an increased number of ________ and an increased production of ________.

A
  1. ) Lysosomes

2. ) ROS

57
Q

How else can Macrophages kill bad guys other than eating them?

A

Dump toxic contents on the bigger bad guys (such as multicellular parasites).

58
Q

Are Neutrophils long lived?

A

No, live 5 days

59
Q

What is a recently discovered function of Neutrophils?

A

Shown to present antigen in both mice and humans

60
Q

Neutrophils can exit the blood and become activated in about _____ minutes.

A

30

61
Q

Neutrophils can travel rapidly through the blood in a(n) _________ state.

A

Inactive

62
Q

What strategy does a neutrophil use for leaving the blood?

A

Roll, stop, exit strategy

63
Q

What are the four adhesion molecules?

A
  1. ) SEL (selectin)
  2. ) SLIG (selectin ligand)
  3. ) ICAM (intercellular adhesion molecule)
  4. ) INT (Integrin)
64
Q

What is an adhesion molecule expressed by endothelial cells that line blood vessels after receiving alarm signals?

A

Selectin (binds to selectin ligand)

65
Q

What is an adhesion molecule expressed on the surface of neutrophils?

A

SLIG (Selectin Ligand)

66
Q

What is an adhesion molecule always expressed on lumen surface of capillary endothelial cells?

A

ICAM (intercellular adhesion molecule)

67
Q

What is an adhesion molecule pre-made and rapidly transported to the surface of the neutrophil after being signaled?

A

Integrin (strongly binds to ICAM)

68
Q

Are Natural Killer Cells long lived?

A

No, short lived/one week

69
Q

Where are NKC found?

A

Blood, liver, spleen

70
Q

What strategy do NKC use for leaving blood?

A

Roll, Stop, Exit

71
Q

What activates NKC?

A

Interferon IL-12 and IL-18 from macrophages.

72
Q

What cell can recognize and kill virus-infected, altered or stressed cells?

A

NKC

73
Q

What are the two roles of NKCs?

A
  1. ) Produce Cytokines (like T helper cells)

2. ) Force infected or cancerous cells to commit suicide (inject Granzyme B or FAS ligand binds with FAS protein)

74
Q

_______ pokes a hole in the membrane like the complement system and then injects (granzyme B) that causes the cell to die.

A

Perforin

75
Q

FAS ligand on NK cell binds to FAS protein on invader which triggers __________.

A

Suicide (Apoptosis)

76
Q

FAS is a transmembrane protein of the ______ family.

A

TNF

77
Q

When a receptor on a NK cell recognizes a normal MHC I on a target it ______ (does/doesn’t) kill the cell.

A

Doesn’t kill (Don’t kill signal)

78
Q

When a PRR binds to unusual carbohydrate or protein on a cell’s surface it _______ (does/doesn’t) kill the cell.

A

Does kill (kill signal)

79
Q

What receptors bind the Fc region of IgG?

A

IgG3 receptors

80
Q

____ forms a bridge between target and NK cell.

A

Ab

81
Q

What does the bridge between target and NK cells cause?

A

NK cells kills the target via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity

82
Q

Do Natural killer cells have T cell receptors?

A

No

83
Q

________ NK cells make some cytokines and can kill.

A

Resting

84
Q

________ NK cells make many more cytokines and are more effective killers.

A

Activated

85
Q

_______ primes macrophages.

A

IFN-y

86
Q

_______ is a growth factor that causes NK cells to proliferate when expressing ______ receptors.

A

IL-2; IL-2

87
Q

What can activate NK cells?

A
  1. ) Lack of MHCs
  2. ) LPS
  3. ) IFN-a
  4. ) IFN-b
  5. ) TNF from hyperactivated macrophages upregulates NK cell IL-2 receptors
  6. ) IL-12 from primed or hyperactived macrophages
88
Q

_________ are usually given off by cells under viral attack

A

Interferons

Immunology Exam I (4 decks)

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