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Immunology Exam I > Innate Immune System > Flashcards

Innate Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What are receptors of the innate immune system that recognize common molecular patterns on pathogen surface (PAMPs)?

A

PRR (Pattern Recognition Receptors)

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2
Q

What PRRs exist?

A

Toll-like receptors, LPS (CD14) receptor, scavenger receptor, glucan receptor, NOD-like receptors (intracellular).

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3
Q

What are molecules specifically associated with groups of pathogens (not shared by host cells) that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system?

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

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4
Q

“Poor man’s antibodies” Marks bad guys to get eaten by phagocytes (opsonization)

A

Complement system

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5
Q

What acts as a chemical signal to attract phagocytes in the innate immune response?

A

Complement system

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6
Q

What makes the MACs that lyse bacterial cell membranes?

A

Complement system

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7
Q

What targets that pathogen for both lysis and phagocytosis by effector cells such as macrophages and neutrophils?

A

Complement system

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8
Q

How many proteins are included in the complement system?

A

20

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9
Q

What organ makes the complement proteins?

A

Liver

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10
Q

What other cell can make complement proteins?

A

Activated macrophages

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11
Q

What are the three pathways used to activate the complement system?

A

Alternative pathway, lectin pathway and classical pathway (antibody dependent)

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12
Q

What are the three main functions of complement proteins?

A
  1. Opsonization (like antibodies)
  2. Enhance bactericidal action of phagocytes
  3. Kills pathogens (unlike antibodies) via MACs
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13
Q

In the alternate pathway, the ______ is showering the body with the production of complement proteins.

A

Liver

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14
Q

Are antibodies required in the alternate pathway for the complement system?

A

No, the name “alternate” is referring to the complement system using a type of activation that is an “alternative” to using antibodies.

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15
Q

In the alternate pathway _____ floats around, but will spontaneously split into two parts.

A

C3

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16
Q

C3 splits into ____ & ____.

A

C3a and C3b

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17
Q

What are the two fates of C3b?

A

1.) Neutralization by water within 60 microseconds

OR

2.) Bind to bad guy’s surface (either to amino or hydroxyl groups)

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18
Q

The default option in the complement system is _______: any surface not protected against binding by complement fragments will be targeted for ________.

A

Death, destruction

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19
Q

After C3 splits, what binds to C3b?

A

another complement protein “B” making C3Bb.

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20
Q

After C3b is attached to B to make C3Bb, what protein acts as a buzzsaw to split C3 and C5 and create C3bBb?

A

Complement protein “D”

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21
Q

What function does C3bBb have?

A

Can split more C3 and C5.

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22
Q

Overall what does the splitting of C3 cause?

A

More C3bBb complement proteins coat the invader.

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23
Q

C3bBb interacts with ____, splitting it into _____ and _____.

A

C5, C5a and C5b

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24
Q

The new C5b will combine with other complement proteins such as?

A

C6, C7, C8 and C9

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25
What does the binding of C5b with other complement proteins result in?
Membrane Attack Complex "MAC"
26
What does the MAC do?
Drills a hole in bacterial membrane and kills bacteria.
27
What do C3a and C5a function as?
Chemoattractants: attrack macrophages and neutrophils and then activate macrophages and neutrophils.
28
What are the 3 protection proteins?
1. ) MCP (membrane cofactor of proteolysis) :present on human cells 2. ) DAF (decay accelerating factor) 3. ) Protectin (CD59).
29
What does MCP (membrane cofactor of proteolysis) do?
Cleaves both C3b and C4b into an inactive form.
30
What does DAF (decay accelerating factor) do?
Accelerates the destruction of convertase (C3bBb).
31
What does Protectin (CD59) do?
A cell surface protein that removes MACs before they drill holes.
32
What protein is used by the Lectin Activation Pathway?
Mannose-Binding Lectin Protein (MBL)
33
Where is Mannose-Binding Lectin Protein (MBL) produced?
Liver
34
Where is Mannose-Binding Lectin Protein (MBL) found in moderate amounts?
Blood and Tissues
35
_______ is a protein that attaches to a carbohydrate molecule (mannose).
Lectin
36
MBL activates the complement system by binding ______ which clips C3 to make C3b.
MASP (MBL associated serine protein)
37
_________ is a monosaccharide found on the surface of many pathogens such as Yeasts, Viruses, Bacteria and parasites.
Mannose
38
T/F the classical complement system pathway is antibody independent.
FALSE, it is antibody dependent.
39
In the classical pathway, when an antibody binds to a bacterial surface its Fc region (tail) provides a platform to activate _____ (the first protein of the complement system).
C1
40
Once the antibodies are produced complement activation is substantially: _________ (increased or decreased)?
Increased
41
Both _________ and ________ coat pathogen surface and enable phagocytes to engulf and destroy bacteria phagocytes might otherwise not recognize.
Complement and Antibodies
42
What are the two main functions of sentinel phagocytes?
1. ) Engulf and Digest invading microorganisms | 2. ) Induction of inflammatory response
43
What professional phagocyte roams around in tissue?
Macrophage
44
What professional phagocyte roams around in blood?
Neutrophil
45
Where are Macrophages found?
All over the place: under the skin, lungs & intestines.
46
What are the 3 stages of readiness for macrophages?
Resting, Activated (Primed), or Hyperactive
47
What is the function of a resting macrophage?
Eating or snacking casually. Slowly proliferating. Express very few Class II MHCs. Live for months in tissue.
48
__________ circulate in blood, exit blood and differentiated in tissues to macrophages. Also give rise to dendritic cells.
Monocytes
49
When does a macrophage coverted from resting to primed?
After receiving a signal that there are bad guys in the area.
50
What is the function of a primed macrophage?
Eat much more. Express more Class II MHCs. Function more as an antigen presenting cell. Work much more with Helper T cells.
51
How does Interferon gamma (IFN-y) affect a macrophage?
This chemical signal can prime a macrophage
52
What can primed macrophages produce?
Several complement proteins such as C3, Factor B and Factor D.
53
When does a macrophage covert to a hyperactive state?
After receiving a direct signal from a bad guy. (LPS from bacterial cell wall or mannose from bacterial cell wall).
54
What is the function of a Hyperactive macrophage?
Stops proliferating. Focuses attention on killing. Grows larger (big enough to eat whole cells). Increases rate of eating.
55
What do Hyperactive macrophages emit?
Cytokines
56
Hyperactive macrophages have an increased number of ________ and an increased production of ________.
1. ) Lysosomes | 2. ) ROS
57
How else can Macrophages kill bad guys other than eating them?
Dump toxic contents on the bigger bad guys (such as multicellular parasites).
58
Are Neutrophils long lived?
No, live 5 days
59
What is a recently discovered function of Neutrophils?
Shown to present antigen in both mice and humans
60
Neutrophils can exit the blood and become activated in about _____ minutes.
30
61
Neutrophils can travel rapidly through the blood in a(n) _________ state.
Inactive
62
What strategy does a neutrophil use for leaving the blood?
Roll, stop, exit strategy
63
What are the four adhesion molecules?
1. ) SEL (selectin) 2. ) SLIG (selectin ligand) 3. ) ICAM (intercellular adhesion molecule) 4. ) INT (Integrin)
64
What is an adhesion molecule expressed by endothelial cells that line blood vessels after receiving alarm signals?
Selectin (binds to selectin ligand)
65
What is an adhesion molecule expressed on the surface of neutrophils?
SLIG (Selectin Ligand)
66
What is an adhesion molecule always expressed on lumen surface of capillary endothelial cells?
ICAM (intercellular adhesion molecule)
67
What is an adhesion molecule pre-made and rapidly transported to the surface of the neutrophil after being signaled?
Integrin (strongly binds to ICAM)
68
Are Natural Killer Cells long lived?
No, short lived/one week
69
Where are NKC found?
Blood, liver, spleen
70
What strategy do NKC use for leaving blood?
Roll, Stop, Exit
71
What activates NKC?
Interferon IL-12 and IL-18 from macrophages.
72
What cell can recognize and kill virus-infected, altered or stressed cells?
NKC
73
What are the two roles of NKCs?
1. ) Produce Cytokines (like T helper cells) | 2. ) Force infected or cancerous cells to commit suicide (inject Granzyme B or FAS ligand binds with FAS protein)
74
_______ pokes a hole in the membrane like the complement system and then injects (granzyme B) that causes the cell to die.
Perforin
75
FAS ligand on NK cell binds to FAS protein on invader which triggers __________.
Suicide (Apoptosis)
76
FAS is a transmembrane protein of the ______ family.
TNF
77
When a receptor on a NK cell recognizes a normal MHC I on a target it ______ (does/doesn't) kill the cell.
Doesn't kill (Don't kill signal)
78
When a PRR binds to unusual carbohydrate or protein on a cell's surface it _______ (does/doesn't) kill the cell.
Does kill (kill signal)
79
What receptors bind the Fc region of IgG?
IgG3 receptors
80
____ forms a bridge between target and NK cell.
Ab
81
What does the bridge between target and NK cells cause?
NK cells kills the target via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
82
Do Natural killer cells have T cell receptors?
No
83
________ NK cells make some cytokines and can kill.
Resting
84
________ NK cells make many more cytokines and are more effective killers.
Activated
85
_______ primes macrophages.
IFN-y
86
_______ is a growth factor that causes NK cells to proliferate when expressing ______ receptors.
IL-2; IL-2
87
What can activate NK cells?
1. ) Lack of MHCs 2. ) LPS 3. ) IFN-a 4. ) IFN-b 5. ) TNF from hyperactivated macrophages upregulates NK cell IL-2 receptors 6. ) IL-12 from primed or hyperactived macrophages
88
_________ are usually given off by cells under viral attack
Interferons

Immunology Exam I (4 decks)

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