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BILD 2 - Multicellular Life > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

0
Q

II) Multicellular Organisms (parts)

A

A. Organization
B. Advantages
C. Disadvantages

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1
Q

II) Multicellular Organisms (definition)

A
  • permits specialization of cells

- allows differential functions

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2
Q

Multicellular Organisms:

A. Organization

A
  1. Tissue
  2. Organs
  3. Organ Systems
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3
Q

Tissues

A

Cells of same type

Ex: cardiac muscle

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4
Q

Organs

A

Tissues producing joint function

Ex: heart

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5
Q

Organ Systems

A

Groups of organs with shared responsibility

Ex: cardiovascular system

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6
Q

Multicellular Organisms:

B. Advantages

A
  1. Increased efficiency
  2. Controlled shape
  3. Large size
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7
Q

Increased efficiency

A

Specialized function

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8
Q

Controlled shape

A
  • optimizes 3D structure
  • specific functions
    ex: support internal transport, defense
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9
Q

Large size

A

N/a

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10
Q

Multicellular Organisms:

C. Disadvantages (definition)

A 
-effects of scale
Mass ⬆️ as function r^3
Surface area ⬆️ as a function r^2
As size (r) ⬆️, surface / volume ratio  ⬇️
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11
Q

Multicellular Organisms:

C. Disadvantages (parts)

A
  1. First problem: transport requirements

2. Second problem : physical support

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12
Q

Transport requirements

A
  • Access to nutrients
  • Removal of wastes
  • Regulation of heat

Figure: internal exchange surfaces of complex animals

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13
Q

Physical support

A

Supporting the weight

Ex: profile of deer vs elephant

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14
Q

III) Animal Structure (parts)

A

A. Tissue Types (4)
B. Organs
C. Homeostasis

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15
Q

III) Animal Structure

A. Tissue Types (4)

A
  1. Epithelial tissue
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Muscle tissue
  4. Nervous tissue
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16
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A
  • sheets lining the outer & inner surfaces
  • protective barrier (diffusion filter)
  • multiple types (squamous, columnar, cuboidal)
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17
Q

Connective Tissue

A
  • provides structural support

- generally cells embedded in extracellular matrix (e.g. cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, blood cells & plasma)

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18
Q

Muscle Tissue

A
  • skeletal muscle: generates movement
  • smooth muscle: in internal organs, involuntary control
  • cardiac muscle: heart, pump blood
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19
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

generates movement

20
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

internal organs, involuntary control

21
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

heart, pump blood

22
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

-process information

23
Q

III) Animal Structure

B. Organs

A
  • multiple tissues with joint functioning

(e. g. stomach has all 4 tissue types)

24
Q

III) Animal Structure

C. Homeostasis

A
  • organ systems to maintain homeostasis in internal environment
  • consult table 32.1!
25
Q

Table 32.1 Principle Organ Systems in Mammals

Organ Systems

A 
Digestive
Circulatory
Respiratory
Immune and lymphatic
Excretory
Endocrine
Reproductive
Nervous
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
26
Q

Organ System: Digestive

Main Components?

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, anus

27
Q

Organ System: Digestive

Main Functions?

A

Food Processing (ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination)

28
Q

Organ System: Circulatory

Main Components?

A

heart, blood vessels, blood

29
Q

Organ System: Circulatory

Main Functions?

A

Internal distribution of materials

30
Q

Organ System: Respiratory

Main Components?

A

lungs, trachea, other breathing tubes

31
Q

Organ System: Respiratory

Main Functions?

A

gas exchange (uptake of oxygen; disposal of carbon dioxide)

32
Q

Organ System: Immune & lymphatic

Main Components?

A

bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels, white blood cells

33
Q

Organ System: Immune & lymphatic

Main Functions?

A

body defense (fighting infections and cancer)

34
Q

Organ System: Excretory

Main Components?

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

35
Q

Organ System: Excretory

Main Functions?

A

disposal of metabolic wastes; regulation of osmotic balance of blood

36
Q

Organ System: Endocrine

Main Components?

A

pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, and other hormone-secreting glands

37
Q

Organ System: Endocrine

Main Functions?

A

Coordination of bod activities (such as digestion and metabolism)

38
Q

Organ System: Reproductive

Main Components?

A

ovaries or testes and associated organs

39
Q

Organ System: Reproductive

Main Functions?

A

reproduction

40
Q

Organ System: Nervous

Main Components?

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs

41
Q

Organ System: Nervous

Main Functions?

A

coordination of body activities; detection of stimuli and formulation of responses to them

42
Q

Organ Systems: Integumentary

Main Components?

A

skin and its derivatives (such as hair, claws, skin glads)

43
Q

Organ Systems: Integumentary

Main Functions?

A

protection against mechanical injury, infection, dehydration; thermoregulation

44
Q

Organ Systems: Skeletal

Main Components?

A

skeleton (bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage)

45
Q

Organ Systems: Skeletal

Main Functions?

A

body support, protection of internal organs, movement

46
Q

Organ Systems: Muscular

Main Components?

A

skeletal muscles

47
Q

Organ Systems: Skeletal

Main Functions?

A

locomotion and other movement

BILD 2 - Multicellular Life (8 decks)

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