Human Body Flashcards
I. Human Brain Structures
parts
A. Cerebrum
B. Cerebellum
C. Reticular System
D. Limbic System
Figure 38.6 cerebrum and cerebellum
Figure 38.11 human cerebral cortex
extra figure: body representaion on primary motor and somatosensory corticies
Figure 38.12 mapping language areas in the cerebral cortex
Human Brain
parts
I. Human Brain Structures II. Encoding New Memories III. Long Term Potenation (LTP) IV. Postsynaptic Glutamate Receptors V. Addiction
Cerebrum
information processing
Cerebellum
motor coordination
Reticular System
arousal sleep/wake
Limbic System
motivation, drives emotion
- Hippocampus - makes new “declarative memories”
II. Encoding New Memories
parts
A. Hippocampus: episodic (declarative) memories
B. Associative Learning
II. Encoding New Memories
A. Hippocampus: episodic (declarative) memories
- If lesion the hippocampus: lose the ability to make new memories
- Examples
a) movie memento or inception
b) Larry Squire study of “place memory”
II. Encoding New Memories
B. Associative Learning
- Conditional Reflex- pavlov’s dog (salivation)
- Hypothesis: “Hebbian Synapse”
diagram: S strong & S weak > fire a lot (strengthen both)
Figure 38.14 Neutral Plasticity
“Hebbian Synapse”
proposal that learning = strengthening of synaptic pathway, and that associative leaning results from simultaneous firing of convergent pathways, producing STRENGTHENING
III. Long Term Potenation (LTP)
definition
long- lasting increase in EPSP amplitude
III. Long-Term Potential
parts
A. LTP: a single pathway
B. LTP: convergent pathways
C. Postsynaptic Requirements for LTP Induction
III. Long Term Potential
A. LTP: a single pathway
- High Frequency stimulation
100 Hz –> second
& repeated another second
diagram
- Synapse - specific
- stimulate S1 but not S2, but no LTP at S2
III. Long Term potential (LTP)
B. LTP: Convergent Pathways
(more like “associative” learning)
diagram
[stimulation of S1 produces LTP at S1 but not at S2 (ifS2wasquietduringtheinititalstimulation)]
III. Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
C. Postsynaptic Requirements for LTP Induction
- > need depolarization of postsynaptic membrane
- > produces Ca++ influx- needed for LTP
IV. Postsynaptic Glutamate Receptors
parts
A. Two major types
B. Mechanism of LTP
C. Evidence that LTP is a molecular basis for memory formation
IV. Postsynaptic Glutamate Receptors
A. Two major types
- AMPA receptors
=> glutamate opens then -> Na+ enters
-> PVm => EPSP - NMDA receptor:
- glutamate opens if and only if Vm is already depolarized
- open => Ca++ in! (Mg+ at negative Vm)
IV. Postsynaptic Glutamate Receptors
B. Mechanism of LTP
- Ca++ influx recruits more AMPA Rs to postsynaptic surface (from internal stores)
- > PEPSP
diagram
IV. Postsynaptic Glutamate Receptors
C. Evidence that LTP is a molecular basis for memory formation
- Block NMDA Rs with drug (APV):
- Gene knockout:
- Block insertion of AMPA Rs in amygdala ->
- Block NMDA Rs with drug (APV):
block LTP formation & memory / learning
- Gene knockout:
removes NMDA Rs
-block memory formation of LTP
- Block insertion of AMPA R’s in amygdala
blocked AMPA R’s, LTP, & fear memories
V. Addiction
parts
A. Sites of action
B. Addictive drugs
C. Downsides
V. Addiction
A. Sites of action
- Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA): Dopaminergic neurons (release dopamine)
- Increased dopamine release in nucleus accumbens scores as a “reward” signal
V. Addiction
B. Addictive Drugs
(definition)
increase dopamine availability in the nucleus accumbens
V. Addiction
B. Addictive Drugs
(parts)
- Cocaine & Amphetamines:
- Nicotine:
- Heroin, morphine:
Figure 38.9 Addictive Drugs & the Reward System
- Cocaine & Amphetamines
- block dopamine re-uptake
- available longer
- Nicotine
increase dopamine release
- Heroine, morphine
decrease inhibition of VTA neurons
=> dopamine release
V. Addiction
C. Downsides
- Desensitizes / down - regulates target
- Long-term exposure or high concentrations
- > kill terminals & neurons - Overdose - death
