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BILD 2 - Multicellular Life > Human Body > Flashcards

Human Body Flashcards

0
Q

I. Human Brain Structures

parts

A

A. Cerebrum
B. Cerebellum
C. Reticular System
D. Limbic System

Figure 38.6 cerebrum and cerebellum
Figure 38.11 human cerebral cortex
extra figure: body representaion on primary motor and somatosensory corticies
Figure 38.12 mapping language areas in the cerebral cortex

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1
Q

Human Brain

parts

A 
I. Human Brain Structures
II. Encoding New Memories
III. Long Term Potenation (LTP)
IV. Postsynaptic Glutamate Receptors
V. Addiction
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2
Q

Cerebrum

A

information processing

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3
Q

Cerebellum

A

motor coordination

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4
Q

Reticular System

A

arousal sleep/wake

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5
Q

Limbic System

A

motivation, drives emotion

- Hippocampus - makes new “declarative memories”

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6
Q

II. Encoding New Memories

parts

A

A. Hippocampus: episodic (declarative) memories

B. Associative Learning

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7
Q

II. Encoding New Memories

A. Hippocampus: episodic (declarative) memories

A
  1. If lesion the hippocampus: lose the ability to make new memories
  2. Examples
    a) movie memento or inception
    b) Larry Squire study of “place memory”
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8
Q

II. Encoding New Memories

B. Associative Learning

A
  1. Conditional Reflex- pavlov’s dog (salivation)
  2. Hypothesis: “Hebbian Synapse”

diagram: S strong & S weak > fire a lot (strengthen both)

Figure 38.14 Neutral Plasticity

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9
Q

“Hebbian Synapse”

A

proposal that learning = strengthening of synaptic pathway, and that associative leaning results from simultaneous firing of convergent pathways, producing STRENGTHENING

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10
Q

III. Long Term Potenation (LTP)

definition

A

long- lasting increase in EPSP amplitude

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11
Q

III. Long-Term Potential

parts

A

A. LTP: a single pathway
B. LTP: convergent pathways
C. Postsynaptic Requirements for LTP Induction

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12
Q

III. Long Term Potential

A. LTP: a single pathway

A
  1. High Frequency stimulation
    100 Hz –> second
    & repeated another second

diagram

  1. Synapse - specific
    • stimulate S1 but not S2, but no LTP at S2
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13
Q

III. Long Term potential (LTP)

B. LTP: Convergent Pathways

A

(more like “associative” learning)

diagram

[stimulation of S1 produces LTP at S1 but not at S2 (ifS2wasquietduringtheinititalstimulation)]

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14
Q

III. Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

C. Postsynaptic Requirements for LTP Induction

A
  • > need depolarization of postsynaptic membrane

- > produces Ca++ influx- needed for LTP

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15
Q

IV. Postsynaptic Glutamate Receptors

parts

A

A. Two major types
B. Mechanism of LTP
C. Evidence that LTP is a molecular basis for memory formation

16
Q

IV. Postsynaptic Glutamate Receptors

A. Two major types

A
  1. AMPA receptors
    => glutamate opens then -> Na+ enters
    -> PVm => EPSP
  2. NMDA receptor:
    - glutamate opens if and only if Vm is already depolarized
    - open => Ca++ in! (Mg+ at negative Vm)
17
Q

IV. Postsynaptic Glutamate Receptors

B. Mechanism of LTP

A
  • Ca++ influx recruits more AMPA Rs to postsynaptic surface (from internal stores)
  • > PEPSP

diagram

18
Q

IV. Postsynaptic Glutamate Receptors

C. Evidence that LTP is a molecular basis for memory formation

A
  1. Block NMDA Rs with drug (APV):
  2. Gene knockout:
  3. Block insertion of AMPA Rs in amygdala ->
19
Q
  1. Block NMDA Rs with drug (APV):
A

block LTP formation & memory / learning

20
Q
  1. Gene knockout:
A

removes NMDA Rs

-block memory formation of LTP

21
Q
  1. Block insertion of AMPA R’s in amygdala
A

blocked AMPA R’s, LTP, & fear memories

22
Q

V. Addiction

parts

A

A. Sites of action
B. Addictive drugs
C. Downsides

23
Q

V. Addiction

A. Sites of action

A
  1. Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA): Dopaminergic neurons (release dopamine)
  2. Increased dopamine release in nucleus accumbens scores as a “reward” signal
24
Q

V. Addiction
B. Addictive Drugs
(definition)

A

increase dopamine availability in the nucleus accumbens

25
Q

V. Addiction
B. Addictive Drugs
(parts)

A
  1. Cocaine & Amphetamines:
  2. Nicotine:
  3. Heroin, morphine:

Figure 38.9 Addictive Drugs & the Reward System

26
Q
  1. Cocaine & Amphetamines
A
  • block dopamine re-uptake

- available longer

27
Q
  1. Nicotine
A

increase dopamine release

28
Q
  1. Heroine, morphine
A

decrease inhibition of VTA neurons

=> dopamine release

29
Q

V. Addiction

C. Downsides

A
  1. Desensitizes / down - regulates target
  2. Long-term exposure or high concentrations
    - > kill terminals & neurons
  3. Overdose - death

BILD 2 - Multicellular Life (8 decks)

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