Introduction Flashcards
ANATOMICALLY, the nervous system consists of
CNS - Brain and Spinal cord
PNS - Cranial and Spinal nerves
Somatic Nervous system
Provides sensory information from the external environment to the conscious level and provides innervation to striated muscles
Autonomic Nervous system
Provides brain and spinal cord with sensory information from the internal environment and allows for the secretion of glands and contraction of smooth muscles
Neuraxis of the brain
extends through the brainstem in a transverse section. A second horizontal neuraxis forms after the brainstem in the cerebrum
The Neural tube
The brain and spinal cord arise from tube of ectoderm induced to form by the presence of the notochord
Rhombencephalon
Most caudal embryological subdivision. Consists of Myelencephalon and Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
Medulla oblongata
Metencephalon
Pons and Cerebellum
Mesencephalon
Midbrain
Prosencephalon
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
“inbetween brain”
Telencephalon
Cerebral hemispheres and Corpus Striatum of basal ganglia
Remnants of the central
canal of the neural tube specialize to become the
___________ _________ of the brain and spinal cord
Ventricular Cavities
The Ventricular Cavities are:
Spinal cord - Central canal Rhombencephalon - 4th ventricle Midbrain - cerebral aqueduct Diencephalon - 3rd ventricle Telencephalon - 1st and 2nd ventricle (lateral)
Each vertebra consists of a _____, ________s and ______s that meet to form a spinous process
body, pedicles, and arches
The structural and functional unit of the nervous system is the
Neuron
Neurons receive and transmit bioelectrical signals:
to and from other neurons, from specialized receptors, to and from muscles and glands
Cell Body
Contains elements essential to the operation of the
neuron
Axon
Covered with insulating sheath of myelin
Carries signals away from the cell body.
Dendrite
Is not covered with myelin.
Carries signals toward the cell body.
A group of cell bodies is called a _______ in the CNS? in the PNS?
CNS = nucleus PNS = ganglion
A group of axons in the CNS is called
a tract, peduncle, or lemniscus
A group of axons in the PNS is called
a nerve
In order to trace a pathway within the CNS or to identify
the anatomical location of a neurological lesion….
we must be aware of the side
Ipsilateral
the axon (tract) courses and/or terminates on the same side as its cell body (nucleus)
Contralateral
the axon (tract) courses and/or
terminates on the side opposite its cell body
(nucleus)
Bilateral
the axon (tract) divides and courses and/or terminates on both sides
Decussation
fibers ascend/descend as they cross.
Commissure
fibers pass directly from one side to the
other.
The surface of the cerebral hemisphere is furrowed by
Sulci
Very deep sulci are called
Fissures
Lies Rostral to the central sulcus and
superior to the lateral fissure (lateral view)
Frontal Lobe
lies behind an imaginary line
drawn from the parieto-occipital sulcus to the
preoccipital notch. (lateral view)
Occiptal Lobe
lies below the lateral fissure and
an imaginary extension drawn caudally to the
occipital lobe. (lateral view)
Temporal Lobe
occupies the remainder of the
lateral surface
Parietal Lobe
is the largest of the
commissures and interconnects the cerebral
cortex on the right and left sides.
Corpus Callosum
Vertebral column consists of
7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
5 sacral vertebrae
Each spinal nerve exit through its __________ ________ early in embryology - the vertebral
column continues to extend (grow)
Intervertebral Foramen
