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HEMATOLOGY 1 > INTRODUCTION > Flashcards

INTRODUCTION Flashcards

1
Q

It is the science of blood or study of blood cells.

A

Hematology

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2
Q

greek word that means blood

A

haima

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3
Q

greek word that means study or science

A

logos

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4
Q

It deals with the study of normal and abnormal development, physiology, function and death or destruction or formed elements of blood.

A

Hematology

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5
Q

two main parts of blood

A

Liquid portion
Formed elements

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6
Q

Function of Blood (Rodak’s)

A
  1. transport O2 from lungs to tissues
  2. clears tissues of CO2
  3. transports glucose, proteins, lipids
  4. moves waste to liver and kidneys
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7
Q

average human or healthy individual amount of blood in the body

A

5L of blood

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8
Q

Formed Cells

A

RBC
WBC
Platelets

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9
Q

anucleate, biconcave, discoid cells filled with hemoglobin

transport O2 and CO2

A

Erythrocytes

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9
Q

color of the RBC

A

pink to red (salmon pink)

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10
Q

measurement of the diameter RBC

A

6-8 micrometer (7-8)

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11
Q

reason for the biconcave shape of RBC

A

central pallor (1/3 of the cell)

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12
Q

Why is RBC biconcave?

A

It cannot carry out O2-CO2 exchange function effectively if not biconcave

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13
Q

protect host from infection and injury/ inflammatory

A

Leukocytes

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14
Q

Types of WBCs:

A

Granulocytes
Agranulocytes

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15
Q

liquid portion of blood

A

plasma

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16
Q

they provide coagulation enzymes that protect vessels from trauma and maintain circulation and transport and nourish blood cells

A

plasma

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16
Q

Described “worms” in blood

A

Athanasius Kircher (1657)

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17
Q

Gave an account of RBCs

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674)

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18
Q

Described platelets as “petites plaques”

A

Giulio Bizzozero (1800s)

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19
Q

Developed the Wright stain

A

James Homer Wright (1902)

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20
Q

polychromatic, a mixture of acidic and basic dyes, remains the foundation of blood cell identification

A

Wright’s Romanowsky-type stain

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21
Q

the scientific term for cell appearance

A

morphology

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22
Q

cell morphology encompasses what parameters:

A

cell color, size, shape, cytoplasmic inclusions, nuclear condensation

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23
Q

what disorders can be detected by counting RBCs?

A

anemia or polycythemia

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24
Q

characterized by loss of O2-carrying capacity and is often reflected in a reduced RBC count or decreased Hgb concentration

A

Anemia

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25
Q

characterized by an increased circulating RBC mass which leads to hyperviscosity

A

Polycythemia

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26
Q

historically, microscopists counted RBCs by: (steps)

A
  1. pipette a tiny aliquot of blood
  2. mix with 0.85% normal saline
  3. diluted blood is transferred in a hemacytometer
  4. microscopist observe and count RBCs in selected area of the hemacytometer
  5. a mathematical formula is applies based on dilution and area on the hemacytometer counted
  6. the count is reported
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27
Q

why is normal saline used in the dilution of blood for RBC count

A

normal saline matches the osmolality of blood

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28
Q

dilution ratio used in counting RBCs

A

1:200

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29
Q

Pipette used in RBC count

A

thoma pipette

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30
Q

RBCs can be reported using these units:

A

per microliter (mm3), milliliter (cc), liter (L)

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31
Q

was developed before the 1900s and was the only way to count RBCs till 1958

A

visual RBC counting

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32
Q

First electronic counter patented in 1953

A

Coulter Counter

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33
Q

patented the coulter counter

A

Joseph and Wallace Coulter of Chicago, Illinois

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34
Q

it is the coulter principle that is used to count RBCs in many automated blood analyzers

A

direct current electrical impedance

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35
Q

a reddish protein found inside RBCs

A

hemoglobin

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36
Q

Hgb measurement relies on a weak solution of ___________ and _____________

A

potassium cyanide and potassium ferricyanide

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37
Q

a weak solution of potassium cyanide and potassium ferricyanide is also called:

A

Drabkin reagent

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38
Q

process of hemoglobin measurement: (steps)

A
  1. an aliquot of whole blood is mixed with a measured volume of Drabkin reagent
  2. Hemoglobin is converted to stable cyanmethemoglobin
  3. color intensity is measured using a spectrophotometer
  4. the color intensity is mathematically converted to hemoglobin concentration
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39
Q

Wavelength used in cyanmethemoglobin method?

A

540 nm

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40
Q

some blood cell analyzers replace cyanmethemoglobin with a formulation of the ionic surfactant (detergent) _________________________ to reduce environmental cyanide.

A

sodium lauryl sulfate

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41
Q

it is the ratio of the volume of packed RBCs to the volume of whole blood

A

hematocrit

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42
Q

other term for hematocrit

A

packed cell volume

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43
Q

process of hematocrit determination: (steps)

A
  1. Transfer blood to a plastic tube with uniform bore
  2. Centrifuge
  3. Measure the column of RBCs
  4. Divide the total length of the column of RBCs + plasma; the normal ratio approached 50%
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44
Q

uses the three results of RBC count, Hgb, and Hct to be computed

A

RBC Indices

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45
Q

(Indices) reflect RBC diameter on a Wright-stained blood film

A

Mean Cell Volume

46
Q

(Indices) reflects RBC staining intensity and amount of central pallor

A

Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration

47
Q

(Indices) mass of hemoglobin per cell and parallels the MCHC

A

Mean Cell Hemoglobin

48
Q

(Indices) degree of variation in RBC volume

A

Red Cell Distribution Width

49
Q

extreme variation of blood cell volume

A

anisocytosis

50
Q

MCV is recorded in? (unit)

A

femtoliters

51
Q

MCHC is expressed in? (unit)

A

grams/deciliter

52
Q

MCH is expressed in? (unit)

A

picograms

53
Q

are blood cells that are newly released from the RBC production site: the bone marrow

A

Reticulocytes

54
Q

other term for reticulocytes

A

Polychromatophilic erythrocytes

55
Q

In the Wright-stained blood film, reticulocytes compose (percentage) of RBCs exceed the (measurement) average diameter and stain slightly (color).

A

0.5-2.5%; 7-8 mcm; blue-gray

56
Q

are used to differentiate young red blood cells

A

methylene blue dyes

57
Q

why are reticulocytes closely observed?

A

indicate the ability of the bone marrow to increased RBC production in anemia caused by blood loss or excessive RBC destruction

58
Q

an especially sensitive measure of RBC production

A

immature reticulocyte fraction

59
Q

RTC counts that are provided by fully automated blood cell analyzers

A

relative reticulocyte percentage, absolute reticulocyte count, immature reticulocyte fraction

60
Q

Loosely related category of cell types dedicated to protecting their host from infection and injury

A

WBC

61
Q

why are WBCs named this way?

A

they are colorless in an unstained cell suspension

62
Q

used dilution ratio in WBC count

A

1:20

63
Q

diluent used in WBC count

A

dilute acid solution

64
Q

why is a weak acid solution used as a diluent for WBC counting?

A

acid lyses the RBCs that would obscure the WBCs

65
Q

term used for decreased WNC count

A

leukopenia

66
Q

term used for an increased WBC count

A

leukocytosis

67
Q

(WBCs) are phagocytic cells whose major purpose is to engulf and destroy microorganisms and foreign materials

A

Neutrophils

68
Q

an increase in neutrophils and often signals bacterial infection

A

neutrophilia

69
Q

decrease in neutrophils and has many causes, but certain medications or viral infections often cause it

A

neutropenia

70
Q

(WBCs) Slightly less mature neutrophils with a nonsegmented nucleus in a U or S shape

A

Band neutrophils

71
Q

increase in BANDs that signals bacterial infection

A

left shift

72
Q

(WBCs) Cells with round, bright orange-red cytoplasmic granules filled with proteins involved in immune system regulation

A

Eosinophils

73
Q

elevated EOs count in response to allergy or parasitic infection

A

Eosinophilia

74
Q

WBCs) Cells with dark purple, irregular cytoplasmic granules that obscure the nucleus. These granules contain histamines and various other proteins.

A

Basophils

75
Q

An elevated basophil count; it is rare and often signals a hematologic disease

A

Basophilia

76
Q

(WBCs) On a Wright-stained blood film, are nearly round, are slightly larger than RBCs, and have round featureless nuclei and a thin rim of nongranular cytoplasm. Mount humoral and cell-mediated responses against foreign antigens

A

Lymphocytes

77
Q

increased lymphocyte count and is associated with viral infections.

A

Lymphocytosis

78
Q

decreased lymphocyte count and is associated with drug therapy or immunodeficiency

A

Lymphocytopenia

79
Q

(WBCs) Blue-gray with fine azure granules, and a nucleus that is usually indented or folded.
Immature macrophage

A

Monocytes

80
Q

increase in the number of monocytes

A

Monocytosis

81
Q

most numerous cell distributed throughout the body

A

Macrophages

82
Q

uncontrolled proliferation of a clone of malignant WBCs

A

leukemia

83
Q

most common form of leukemia in adults

A

chronic lymphocytic leukemia

84
Q

most common form of childhood leukemia

A

acute lymphoblastic leukemia

85
Q

2 to 4 mm in diameter, round or oval, anucleate, slightly granular, true blood cells that maintain blood vessel integrity by initiating vessel wall repairs.

A

platelets

86
Q

a series of cellular and plasma-based mechanisms that seal wounds, repair vessel walls, and maintain vascular patency

A

hemostasis

87
Q

Uncontrolled platelet and hemostatic activation is responsible for:

A

deep vein thrombosis,
pulmonary emboli,
acute myocardial infarctions,
cerebrovascular accidents,
peripheral artery disease,
repeated spontaneous abortions

88
Q

provides for easier identification of platelets that due to their small volume makes them hard to distinguish in a hemacytometer.

A

phase microscopy

89
Q

an elevated value sometimes signal a regenerative bone marrow response to platelet consumption

A

mean platelet volume

90
Q

elevated platelet counts that signal inflammation or trauma but convey modest clinical significance

A

thrombocytosis

91
Q

is a rare, life-threatening, malignant condition characterized by extremely high platelet counts and uncontrolled platelet production.

A

Essential thrombocythemia

92
Q

low platelet count, a consequence of drug treatment and may be life-threatening; may be accompanied by easy bruising and uncontrolled hemorrhage.

A

Thrombocytopenia

93
Q

RBC parameters in a complete blood count

A

RBC Count
Hct
MCV
MCH
MCHC
RDW
RTC Count

94
Q

WBC parameters in a complete blood count

A

WBC count
NEUT count: % and absolute
LYMPH count: % and absolute
MONO count: % and absolute
EO and BASO counts: % and absolute

95
Q

platelet parameters in a complete blood count

A

PLT ct, MPV

96
Q

an indication of the automated analyzer when one of the results is abnormal

A

Flag

97
Q

blood film examination: (steps)

A
  1. prepare a wedge-prep blood film on a glass slide
  2. fix and stain using Wright or Wright-Giemsa
  3. microscopist performs an estimate of the WBC count and platelet count comparison with their respective analyzer counts, and investigates discrepancies.
  4. the microscopist systematically reviews, identifies, and tabulates 100 (or more) WBCs to determine their percent distribution.
  5. microscopist examines the morphology of WBCs, RBCs, and platelets by light microscopy for abnormalities of shape, diameter, color, or inclusions
98
Q

the final arbiter for all cell identification

A

medical laboratory professional

99
Q

Form the inner surface of the blood vessel, are seldom studied in the hematology laboratory

A

endothelial cells

100
Q

endothelial cells are import in:

A

maintain normal blood flow, tethering platelets during injury, enable WBC diapedesis

101
Q

dissolution of a clot

A

fibrinolysis

102
Q

are collected and stained to analyze nucleated cells that are the immature precursors to blood cells

A

immunostaining

103
Q

quantitative flow cytometers are based on this principle

A

coulter principle

104
Q

what instruments are used for qualitative flow cytometers

A

laser-based instruments

105
Q

are cytometers that are mechanically simpler but technically more demanding

A

qualitative flow cytometers

106
Q

is indispensable to leukemia and lymphoma diagnosis

A

Qualitative flow cytometry laboratory

107
Q

employed in bone marrow aspirate examination to find genetic errors

A

cytogenetics

108
Q

Philadelphia chromosome is a translocation between c9 and 22 that is diagnostic of what blood cell disorder?

A

chronic myeloid leukemia

109
Q

t(15;17) which is a translocation of C15 and 17 is diagnostic of what blood c ell disorder?

A

acute promyelocytic leukemia

110
Q

phenotypically detects an inherited RBC enzyme deficiency causing episodic hemolytic anemia

A

Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase Assay

111
Q

are used to detect and diagnose sickle cell anemia and other inherited qualitative hemoglobin abnormalities and thalassemias

A

Sickle cell solubility screening assay, hemoglobin electrophoresis, and HPLC

112
Q

one of the oldest hematology tests, detects inflammation and roughly estimates its intensity

A

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

113
Q

why is analyses of nonblood body fluids always performed with a rapid turnaround time?

A

cells in these environments rapidly lose integrity

HEMATOLOGY 1 (12 decks)

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