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BIMM 134 > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the lifetime risk for men and women?

A

Men: 1 in 2, 50%
Women: 1 in 3, 33%

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2
Q

What is the top 3 most likely cancer for men to get?

A
  1. Prostate (why? hormones, cancer eats it up)
  2. lung cancer (smoking, tobacco)
  3. Colon
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3
Q

What is the top 3 most likely cancer for women to get?

A
  1. breast cancer
  2. lung cancer
  3. colon
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4
Q

What is the most deadly cancer?

A

lung cancer is the deadliest cancer
more than 90% of lung cancer is associated with smoking or use of mainly tobacco
33% of all cancer deaths

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5
Q

what is the most deadly cancer in men?

A
  1. lung
  2. prostate
  3. colorectal
  4. pancreatic
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6
Q

what is the most deadly cancer in women?

A
  1. lung
  2. breast
  3. colorectal
  4. pancreatic
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7
Q

What is cancer death due to?

A

Metastasis
the development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer

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8
Q

Why does some treatment work on some cells and what is the problem?

A

So you can have a treatment that works on some cells, but the ones who survive will reproduce and it will be more dangerous as now you have cells that are resistant to treatment, some also develop due to them

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9
Q

what is intra-tumor variation?

A

they move around to another thing in the body

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10
Q

What are benign tumors?

A

Benign (not cancer) tumor cells grow only locally and cannot spread by invasion or metastasis

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11
Q

What are malignant tumors?

A

Malignant (cancer) cells invade neighboring tissues, enter blood vessels, and metastasize to different sites

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12
Q

What causes cancer or is the main factors that contribute to an increase in cancer?

A

Lack of exercise and obesity

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13
Q

How much money goes into cancer research?

A

0.1%

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14
Q

What is the cancer development and how long does it take for one cell to develop

A

It takes a cancer cell decades to develop and it is a multistep process since cells must acquire multiple mutations (4-7) for malignant transformation

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15
Q

How do we name types of cancer?

A

The prefix is the tissue of origin
The suffix is the type of cancer

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16
Q

What is the prefix of glands

A

adeno-

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17
Q

What is the prefix of cartilage

A

chrondro-

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18
Q

What is the prefix of red blood cell

A

erythro-

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19
Q

What is the prefix of blood vessels

A

hemangio-

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20
Q

What is the prefix of liver

A

hepato-

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21
Q

What is the prefix of fat

A

lipo-

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22
Q

What is the prefix of lymphocyte

A

lympho-

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23
Q

What is the prefix of pigment cell

A

melano-

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24
Q

What is the prefix of bone marrow

A

myelo-

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25
What is the prefix of muscle
myo-
26
What is the prefix of bone
osteo-
27
What is the suffix of fat, bone, and muscle cancer?
sarcomas
28
What is the suffix of lymph node cancer?
lymphomas
29
What is the suffix bloodstream cancer?
leukemias
30
What is the suffix lung, breast, colon, bladder, and prostate cancer?
carcinomas
31
which type of cancer is the most deadly and what are the percentages?
carcinomas, >80% of cancer related deaths
32
what are squamous cell carcinomas?
dervied from cells forming protective layer from underlying cells (ex. skin, cervix)
33
what are adenocarcinomas
derived from cells lining secretory cells (mucous producing cells within lung, colon, prostate)
34
where are sarcomas derived from?
connective tissues, bone/fat
35
Where is hematopoietic dervied from?
blood producing cells
36
where is leukemias derived from?
from circulating malignancies
37
where is lymphomas dervied from?
B and T lymphocytes solid masses in lymph tissues
38
how do we classify cancer?
tumor grade: apperance of cells in biopsy (how bad it is) tumor stage: how far the cancer has spread
39
what does a higher grade mean?
the worse the cancer cells look under a biopsy
40
when doing a biospy what do pathologist look at?
Mitotic rate (how fast cells are dividing, the faster the worse grade) Nuclear grade: abnormal nuclei = worse grade cellular differentiation: loss of cell specialization = worse grade surgical margins: how close are tumor cells to surgical edge (spreading to the tissue is bad)
41
what is the normal structure of a human mammary gland vs breast cancer
Normal: milk ducts lines with layer of epithelial cells, separate stroma (connective tissue) breast cancer: loss of normal tissue structure, large/irregular nuclei, invasion of stroma (connective tissue) the normal function of the tissue is being taken over by cancer
42
What are the different types of cancer grade and what do they mean?
GX: grade cannot be assessed G1: well-differentiated (low grade) G2: moderately differentiated (intermediate grade) G3: poorly differentiated (high grade) G4: undifferentiated (high grade)
43
what do we look at when grading cancer, explain?
1. Nucleic grade 2. mitotic rate 3. lack of differentiation 4. surgical margins
44
What is the nucleic grade look at?
apperance of the nuclei low grade cancers have standardized nuclei high grade cancers have irregular nuclei
45
what does mitotic rate look at?
rate of cell divison low grade cancers have organized cells high grade cancers have disorganized cells
46
what does lack of differentation look at?
specialization low grade cancers have more specialized cells high grade cancers have less specialized cells
47
what does surgical margins look at?
how invasive is the tumor low grade cancers have less invasive tumors (easy to remove) high grade cancers have more invasive tumors (hard to remove)
48
what is TNM staging?
Primary **T**umor Absence/presence regional lymph **N**odes Absence/presence distant **M**etastasis
49
What are the stages of cancer?
Stage I (tumor only) Stage II, III (spread to lymph) Stage IV (metastasis)
50
what is stage I and their TNM staging
T2, N0, M0 (has not spread) T2: size or extent of the primary tumor N0: no regional lymph node M0: no distant metastasis
51
what is stage II/III and their TNM staging
T3, N1, M0 (has not metastasis) T3: size or extent of the primary tumor N1: Involvement of regional lymph nodes M0: no distant metastasis
52
what is stage IV and their TNM staging
T2, N2, M1 T2: size or extent of the primary tumor N2: involvement of regional lymph nodes M1: distant metastasis is present
53
what is breast cancer's TNM staging?
T3, N2, M0 (large tumor spread to lymph nodes) prognosis is moderate and the treatment would be a lumpectomy w/ chemotherapy
54
what is prostate cancer TNM staging?
T2, N0, M0 (localized prostate tumor) Watchful waiting or surgery, sometimes you dont want to mess with it since it might get worse, and prostate is such a slow growing cancer
55
What is the percentage of cancer from inheriting genetic mutations?
10%
56
What is the percentage of cancer due to environmental factors?
90% (radiation, chemcials, viruses)
57
what increases the risk of cancer?
age (the older you get the higher the chance of getting cancer is) longer exposure to carcinogens
58
what are the main causes of cancer death?
1/3 of cancer death is attributed to tobacco use (33%) diet (30%)
59
Why is tobacco (smoking) strongly correlated to lung cancer?
tobacco has multiple carcinogens
60
What are carcinogens?
substances known to promote cancer development some cancer carcinogens can be mutagenic: they directly cause DNA mutations promoters: they do not cause DNA mutations, 1. they increase likelihood of acquiring DNA mutations, by some other mechanism 2. increase proliferation 3. chronic inflammation 4. cell damage 5. infectious agents
61
What does alcohol and smoking do?
they increase the chances of developing mouth and throat cancer alcohol: causes cell damage and stimulates cell proliferation, thus cells can gain mutations smoking: leads to DNA mutations so as they work together they produce greater effect than acting single alcohol kills cells and tobacco adds a bunch of carcinogens
62
what is cancer?
the differences in microenvironment (surrounding cells and matrix) the microenvironment is important, within the tumor there are fibroblast, endothelial cells, immune cells the cancer cells create this optimal environment
63
what are different exposures that arise due to environmental stresses?
ROS and chemical mutagens
64
what are different responses that arise due to environmental stresses?
cell type, cytoplasmic pathway

BIMM 134 (8 decks)

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