Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIMM 134 > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

what is the lifetime risk for men and women?

A

Men: 1 in 2, 50%
Women: 1 in 3, 33%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the top 3 most likely cancer for men to get?

A
  1. Prostate (why? hormones, cancer eats it up)
  2. lung cancer (smoking, tobacco)
  3. Colon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the top 3 most likely cancer for women to get?

A
  1. breast cancer
  2. lung cancer
  3. colon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the most deadly cancer?

A

lung cancer is the deadliest cancer
more than 90% of lung cancer is associated with smoking or use of mainly tobacco
33% of all cancer deaths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the most deadly cancer in men?

A
  1. lung
  2. prostate
  3. colorectal
  4. pancreatic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the most deadly cancer in women?

A
  1. lung
  2. breast
  3. colorectal
  4. pancreatic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is cancer death due to?

A

Metastasis
the development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why does some treatment work on some cells and what is the problem?

A

So you can have a treatment that works on some cells, but the ones who survive will reproduce and it will be more dangerous as now you have cells that are resistant to treatment, some also develop due to them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is intra-tumor variation?

A

they move around to another thing in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are benign tumors?

A

Benign (not cancer) tumor cells grow only locally and cannot spread by invasion or metastasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are malignant tumors?

A

Malignant (cancer) cells invade neighboring tissues, enter blood vessels, and metastasize to different sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What causes cancer or is the main factors that contribute to an increase in cancer?

A

Lack of exercise and obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How much money goes into cancer research?

A

0.1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the cancer development and how long does it take for one cell to develop

A

It takes a cancer cell decades to develop and it is a multistep process since cells must acquire multiple mutations (4-7) for malignant transformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do we name types of cancer?

A

The prefix is the tissue of origin
The suffix is the type of cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the prefix of glands

A

adeno-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the prefix of cartilage

A

chrondro-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the prefix of red blood cell

A

erythro-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the prefix of blood vessels

A

hemangio-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the prefix of liver

A

hepato-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the prefix of fat

A

lipo-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the prefix of lymphocyte

A

lympho-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the prefix of pigment cell

A

melano-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the prefix of bone marrow

A

myelo-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the prefix of muscle

A

myo-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the prefix of bone

A

osteo-

27
Q

What is the suffix of fat, bone, and muscle cancer?

A

sarcomas

28
Q

What is the suffix of lymph node cancer?

A

lymphomas

29
Q

What is the suffix bloodstream cancer?

A

leukemias

30
Q

What is the suffix lung, breast, colon, bladder, and prostate cancer?

A

carcinomas

31
Q

which type of cancer is the most deadly and what are the percentages?

A

carcinomas, >80% of cancer related deaths

32
Q

what are squamous cell carcinomas?

A

dervied from cells forming protective layer from underlying cells (ex. skin, cervix)

33
Q

what are adenocarcinomas

A

derived from cells lining secretory cells (mucous producing cells within lung, colon, prostate)

34
Q

where are sarcomas derived from?

A

connective tissues, bone/fat

35
Q

Where is hematopoietic dervied from?

A

blood producing cells

36
Q

where is leukemias derived from?

A

from circulating malignancies

37
Q

where is lymphomas dervied from?

A

B and T lymphocytes
solid masses in lymph tissues

38
Q

how do we classify cancer?

A

tumor grade: apperance of cells in biopsy (how bad it is)
tumor stage: how far the cancer has spread

39
Q

what does a higher grade mean?

A

the worse the cancer cells look under a biopsy

40
Q

when doing a biospy what do pathologist look at?

A

Mitotic rate (how fast cells are dividing, the faster the worse grade)
Nuclear grade: abnormal nuclei = worse grade
cellular differentiation: loss of cell specialization = worse grade
surgical margins: how close are tumor cells to surgical edge (spreading to the tissue is bad)

41
Q

what is the normal structure of a human mammary gland vs breast cancer

A

Normal: milk ducts lines with layer of epithelial cells, separate stroma (connective tissue)

breast cancer: loss of normal tissue structure, large/irregular nuclei, invasion of stroma (connective tissue)

the normal function of the tissue is being taken over by cancer

42
Q

What are the different types of cancer grade and what do they mean?

A

GX: grade cannot be assessed
G1: well-differentiated (low grade)
G2: moderately differentiated (intermediate grade)
G3: poorly differentiated (high grade)
G4: undifferentiated (high grade)

43
Q

what do we look at when grading cancer, explain?

A
  1. Nucleic grade
  2. mitotic rate
  3. lack of differentiation
  4. surgical margins
44
Q

What is the nucleic grade look at?

A

apperance of the nuclei
low grade cancers have standardized nuclei
high grade cancers have irregular nuclei

45
Q

what does mitotic rate look at?

A

rate of cell divison
low grade cancers have organized cells
high grade cancers have disorganized cells

46
Q

what does lack of differentation look at?

A

specialization
low grade cancers have more specialized cells
high grade cancers have less specialized cells

47
Q

what does surgical margins look at?

A

how invasive is the tumor
low grade cancers have less invasive tumors (easy to remove)
high grade cancers have more invasive tumors (hard to remove)

48
Q

what is TNM staging?

A

Primary Tumor
Absence/presence regional lymph Nodes
Absence/presence distant Metastasis

49
Q

What are the stages of cancer?

A

Stage I (tumor only)
Stage II, III (spread to lymph)
Stage IV (metastasis)

50
Q

what is stage I and their TNM staging

A

T2, N0, M0 (has not spread)

T2: size or extent of the primary tumor
N0: no regional lymph node
M0: no distant metastasis

51
Q

what is stage II/III and their TNM staging

A

T3, N1, M0 (has not metastasis)

T3: size or extent of the primary tumor
N1: Involvement of regional lymph nodes
M0: no distant metastasis

52
Q

what is stage IV and their TNM staging

A

T2, N2, M1

T2: size or extent of the primary tumor
N2: involvement of regional lymph nodes
M1: distant metastasis is present

53
Q

what is breast cancer’s TNM staging?

A

T3, N2, M0 (large tumor spread to lymph nodes)

prognosis is moderate and the treatment would be a lumpectomy w/ chemotherapy

54
Q

what is prostate cancer TNM staging?

A

T2, N0, M0 (localized prostate tumor)

Watchful waiting or surgery, sometimes you dont want to mess with it since it might get worse, and prostate is such a slow growing cancer

55
Q

What is the percentage of cancer from inheriting genetic mutations?

A

10%

56
Q

What is the percentage of cancer due to environmental factors?

A

90%
(radiation, chemcials, viruses)

57
Q

what increases the risk of cancer?

A

age (the older you get the higher the chance of getting cancer is)
longer exposure to carcinogens

58
Q

what are the main causes of cancer death?

A

1/3 of cancer death is attributed to tobacco use (33%)
diet (30%)

59
Q

Why is tobacco (smoking) strongly correlated to lung cancer?

A

tobacco has multiple carcinogens

60
Q

What are carcinogens?

A

substances known to promote cancer development

some cancer carcinogens can be
mutagenic: they directly cause DNA mutations

promoters: they do not cause DNA mutations,
1. they increase likelihood of acquiring DNA mutations, by some other mechanism
2. increase proliferation
3. chronic inflammation
4. cell damage
5. infectious agents

61
Q

What does alcohol and smoking do?

A

they increase the chances of developing mouth and throat cancer

alcohol: causes cell damage and stimulates cell proliferation, thus cells can gain mutations

smoking: leads to DNA mutations

so as they work together they produce greater effect than acting single
alcohol kills cells and tobacco adds a bunch of carcinogens

62
Q

what is cancer?

A

the differences in microenvironment (surrounding cells and matrix)

the microenvironment is important, within the tumor there are fibroblast, endothelial cells, immune cells

the cancer cells create this optimal environment

63
Q

what are different exposures that arise due to environmental stresses?

A

ROS and chemical mutagens

64
Q

what are different responses that arise due to environmental stresses?

A

cell type, cytoplasmic pathway

BIMM 134 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions