Introduction Flashcards
What are natural sources that a drug can come from?
plants, animals, microorganisms
Drugs that promote health
anti-inflammatory
Drugs that cure disease
antibacterial
Drugs that control of slow progress of disease
cancer chemotherapy
Drugs that prevent disease
vaccines
Drugs that alter neurotransmission
antidepressants
Drugs that decrease the risk of complications
anticoagulants
Drugs that increase function and comfort
analgesics for pain
Drugs that provide replacement therapy
Insulin
Drugs that reduce excessive activity in the body
proton pump inhibitors
Pharmacodynamics
drug-induced response of physiologic and biochemical system
Pharmacokinetics
Drug amounts at different sites after administration
Pharmacotherapeutics
Choice and drug application for disease prevention, treatment, or diagnosis
Toxicology
Study of the body’s response to drugs, harmful effects, mechanisms of action, symptoms, treatments, identification
Pharmacy
Preparation, compounding, dispensing, and record-keeping of therapeutic drugs
Therapeutic
Desired - stimulating or inhibiting cell function, blocking biochemical actions in tissues
Classification
grouped by their primary pharmacologic action and effect
Indications
Approved uses or conditions for which the drug has been proved to be effective
Contraindications
Circumstances under which a drug should not be administer
Side effects
a mild, undesirable effect of a drug, even at recommended dose
Adverse or toxic effects
Drug effects that are dangerous, cause sever tissue damage
Hypersensitivity
allergic reactions - mild or anaphylaxis
Idiosyncratic reactions
unusual response to drug
Iatrogenic
the negative effect associated with the administration of drug
Teratogenic
the harmful effect on the fetus, developmental defects
Interactions
drug effect modified by combination with another drug
Synergism
the effect of drug combination may be greater than the sum of the effects of the individual drugs
Antagonism
combination greatly decreases the effect of each drug
Potentiation
one drug enhances the effect of a second drug
Dose
amount of drug require to produce the desired effect in adult - weight, measure, time factor
Child’s dose
best calculated by child’s weight
Loading dose
A larger dose may be administered initially to raise blood levels to an effective level
Frequency of dosing
important to maintain effective blood levels of the drug without reaching toxic levels
Optimum dosing schedule
established for each drug based on absorption, transport of blood, half-life of the drug
Timing
directions regarding - related to meals, daily events, sleep
Factors affecting blood levels of drugs
regular intake, normal distribution, and excretion, irregular intervals, missing dosages, double dose, too frequently
Factors influencing blood level of a drug
Liver and kidney function, circulation, age, weight, activity level, flood/fluid, genetic, health status
Drugs can me administed
locally or having a systemic action
Administration of Drug
enters the body by chosen route, is absorbed into the blood or acts at the local site, travels in the bloodstream, arrives at the site of action, exerts its effect, is metabolized into inactive compounds, excreted
Oral medication
absorbed from stomach or intestines, transported to the liver, released into circulation
Intramuscular injection
gradually absorbed into the blood, blood transports drug
Drugs can
stimulate receptors directly or may block receptor site
Specificity of drug depends on
mode of action
Drugs that interact with several metabolic pathways or common functions will have
greater side effects
Therapeutic effect must be balanced with
possible toxic effect
Minimal effective dose
desired positive effects with minimal potential toxic effects
Prescription includes
patient name, address, age, prescriber’s name, address, id number, date, name of drug and amount, dosage, route, and permission for additional quantities
