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Cognition Psychology > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognition - Definition

A

The mental processes and activities used in perceiving, remembering, thinking and understanding
The act of using these processes
- Often in terms of information processing

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2
Q

How can mental process happen?

A

Both active, deliberate processes and with little awareness (automatic)
- The processes can be quick but also very complex

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3
Q

What is cognitive psychologist interested in?

A

Studying in everyday ordinary mental processes

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4
Q

Ecological Validity

A

Generalization to real world situations where people think and act
- Critique against cognitive psychology
- Simple tasks is only the beginning to understand

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5
Q

Reductionism Approach

A
  • Starting simple and then going more complex
    “Keep it simple stupid”
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6
Q

Whats the history of cognitive psychology?

A
  1. Establishment of psychology laboratories
  2. Behaviourism
  3. Cognitive revolution
  4. Interdisciplinary cognitive sciences
  5. Rise of the cognitive neurosciences
    (6. Computer AI)
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7
Q

Establishment of Psychology Laboratories

A
  • Wundt 1879
  • Titchener
  • Ebbinghaus
  • James
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8
Q

Introperspective

A

Participant need to describe a subjective experience in a structural way

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9
Q

Who was Wundt?

A
  • He started studying psychology of the mind
  • Had a late focus on language
    Conscious processes and immediate experience
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10
Q

Who was Titchener

A
  • Focused on getting knowledge through introspection
    Training, right or wrong attitude
  • Very unscientific in the end
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11
Q

Who was Ebbinghaus?

A
  • First on to study learning and forgetting
    Using nonsense words, no preexisting association
  • Influenced by verbal learning
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12
Q

Who was James?

A
  • Focused much on functions
  • Proposed that memory consists of 2 parts
    1. Immediate memory - awareness
    2. Larger hidden memory
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13
Q

What was the critique against introspection?

A

Often insufficient to track down the essence of conscious experiences
Research on mental processes, only observed was “allowed”

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14
Q

Behaviourism

A
  • Dominant for awhile
    Focus on methods still apply today
  • Focus on what could only be observed
    Rewards and punishment
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15
Q

Challenges towards behaviourism

A
  • Skinner claimed that theories wasnt necessary
  • Stimulus - response analysis wasnt enough to answer higher order cognition (During WW2)
  • Language isnt simply reinforced behaviour (Chomsky)
  • Difficulties explaining non-learned behaviours (like instinctive drifts)

Lead to “cognitive revolution”

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16
Q

What are the assumptions in cognitive psychology?

A
  • Mentalistic concepts to explain behavioural data
    Mental processes exists
  • Mental processes can be studied scientifically
  • We are active information processors
    Actively process stimuli around us and in us
17
Q

Where does “cognition seen as information processing” come from?

A
  • The development of technology
  • A great analogy
    Processes in computers can happen even when its not directly observable
  • It was a good starting point for cognitive psychology
18
Q

The modal model - Atkinson & Shiffrin

A
  • Basic model of information procession
    Different kind of memory storages
  • Based on 3 types of memories
    Sensory memory
    Short term memory - Have to keep the information active
    Long term memory - Keeping the information over a longer duration of time
  • It shows how the information flow from one point to another
    Several steps to it
  • Involves encoding
19
Q

What are the assumptions to the modal model?

A
  • Sequential stages of processing
  • Independent and overlapping
20
Q

Encoding

A

The act of taking in info and converting it to a usable mental form

21
Q

Process model

A

Hypothesis about the specific mental processes that take place when a task is performed

22
Q

What are the criticism against the modal model?

A
  • Evidence of mental processes works in parallel
  • Context matters
    Lexal ambiguity
    Priming effect
  • People are not serial processors
23
Q

Revised version of the modal model

A
  • A triangle of boxes
  • Bidirectional arrows
    Context affects and different memory types affects other types
  • Not as narrow view of memory
24
Q

Verbal protocol

A

Verbalize one’s thoughts while solving a problem or reading a text
- Used in research of problem solving and memory(for example)

25
Q

What does it mean that cognitive science is interdisciplinary?

A
  • More than one area of science trying to contribute to the understanding of cognition

Cognition Psychology (8 decks)

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