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Cognition Psychology > Everyday Memory > Flashcards

Everyday Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Whats the focus for study of everyday memory?

A
  • The relevance of meaningful materials
    Natural events
  • Motivation in keeping certain memories linked to personal goals
  • Relevance of memories
  • Mismatch between report of an event vs the actual event
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2
Q

What are the seven sins of Memory?

A

Shows how fragile memory is in reality
- Transience - Loose access of info across time
- Absent-mindedness- Failures in remembering info and intended activities in our everyday life
- Blocking - Temporary retrieval failure
- Misattribution - Correct fact but the wrong source or context
- Suggestibility - Tendency to incorporate information from others or from yourself
- Bias - Distort recollection
- Persistence - To remember facts or events that you rather forget

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3
Q

Proposition

A

Representation of meaning that can be stored and retrieved from memory
Meaning is important to understand human cognition
We store propositions in our memory
Based on 5 dimensions in a sentence
- Relation to the topic or event
- Agent, the one who did the relation
- Patient, receiving the relation
- Location
- Time

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4
Q

What was Sachs study about?

A

How important meaning vs verbatim is
- We retain meaning better than verbatim
- Confirmed by other studies as well

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5
Q

Fan effect

A

When more words are associated with a concept, RT are longer

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6
Q

Is memory like a video-recording system?

A

No, its a naïve view that many seems to believe in

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7
Q

What are the different levels of language comprehension? van Djink & Kintsch

A
  • Surface form
    Verbatim mental representation
  • Textbase
    Similar to propositions, remembering ideas
  • Situational Model
    State of affairs described
  • Different types of mental representations
  • Happens in parallel
  • How well people remember over time
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8
Q

Metamemory

A

To asses how accurate our memories will be

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9
Q

Source monitoring

A

Accurately remember the source of a meaning
- Is it encountered or imaginary?
- Complex process
- Failures include routinely tasks we do everyday
- Misattribution effect

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10
Q

Retelling past events*

A

Retelling past evens is often incomplete or distorted, with consequences for later memory
- Shows how much memory is prone to influences
- Often distort retelling of our life events, and believe it to be true
- How we talk about our memory affect how we remember it
Watching a violent scene, more errors when we focus on the emotions during the scene

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11
Q

How does schema-congruity effect our memory?

A

Memory can get distorted if it doesnt fit into to our goals or expectations
- Bartlett Ghost story
- Better memory for schema-consistent info than reverse
We store alot of clichés in our memory

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12
Q

Can leading questions effect your memory?

A

Yes it can
- Classic study about speed, changed one word
Neutral words vs impactful
- Different estimation on speed

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13
Q

Misinformation acceptance

A

Accepting the additional information and viewing it as true

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14
Q

Memory impariment

A

A genuine change or alteration of an experienced event as a function of a later event
1. See something
2. Gets additional information
Neutral or weighted
3. Memory test

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15
Q

Misinformation effect

A

Incorrectly claim to remember misinformation, paired with memory impairment
- Memory is prone to biases and errors

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16
Q

Can you implant memories?

A

It is possible yeah
- Lost in the mall study by Loftus
- The people themselves can have high confidence in those implanted memories
Believe they are true
- False memory study
False memories were similar in detail and vividness to true memories - study of a imaginary crime

17
Q

What are the memory wars about?

A
  • Whether people can repress and recover lost memories
    Is it reliable? Can those memory be trusted?
  • Traumatic events are prone to distortions
  • Two camps about it
  • Support for both sides

Study 1
81% undergraduates believe trauma can repress memory , 70% believe it can be retrieved
Study 2
Undergraduates-general public-psychologists
Bit of skepticism from undergraduates and psychologist
Nonresearches believed in repressed memories and their retreival

18
Q

Camp false memory

A

Memory is pliable
- Simple manipulation in labs has shown that
- Cognitive psychologists

19
Q

Camp Delayed memory

A

Childhood trauma can result in dissociative amnesia - split off memory from conscious awareness
- Trauma therapists

20
Q

Memory tests for natural events*

A

A classic study: Participants tested for their retention of names and faces of own graduating class
- Different ages
Different retention interval
- High retention level due to prolonged acquisition
- Free recall performed worse

21
Q

Prolonged acquisition

A

Overlearning during a long learning phase
Distributed practice rather than massed practice

22
Q

What are some examples of dairy studies?*

A
  • Ebbinghaus
  • Wagenaar recorder all of his daily events in a very systematic fashion and tested his recall of those events
    None of the evens was truly forgotten, could be remembered with the help of cues
    Pleasant events recalled better than unpleasant ones at shorter retention
23
Q

Can dairy studies gives us something about memory?

A
  • Describes themes in your life
  • Can show how we store things in our life long memory
    Organising the events in themes
24
Q

Autobiographical memory

A

All of our personal memories we have
- To build and maintain our identity and self-image
- Broader than episodic memory

25
Q

What are the knowledge structures in autobiographical memory?

A
  1. Periods that comprise long-lasting situations
  2. General experiences
  3. Knowledge related to specific events
  • Life story
26
Q

Spontaneous memories

A

Direct, involuntary retrieval of autobiographical memory triggered by external stimulus
- Often from odors
- Often single events

27
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

We often seem to have extremely accurate and detailed memories of particular events
- Emotional involvement
- Surprising or unusual events

28
Q

Are recall the only way of remembering information?

A

Often not

29
Q

Flashbulb memories - Study*

A

How accurately do we remember flashbulb events?
- Study shows that we can remember events more vividly due to uniqueness but not necessarily more accurately

30
Q

What is infantile amnesia?

A

Not being able to remember events before a certain age, often around 3
- Due to brain development
- Language skills
- Cognitive self
- Implicit learning early on

31
Q

What is reminiscence bump?

A

We often remember the majority of events from the age of 14 to around 25
- Use of life scrips
Expectancies
Bump for events that correspond with life script
- Novel experiences around that time period
- Unexpected events
- Control of life

32
Q

Prospective memory

A

Remembering to do something in the future
- At a specific time
- Intention and content
Going to the store after i get off of the train

33
Q

Judgments of learning

A

Prediction of how much knowledge one have after studying something

34
Q

Feeling of knowing

A

How likely ill remember something later
- Meeting someone who looks familiar, dont remember the name

35
Q

How can we test prospective memory systematically?*

A

Time-based tasks
- Pressing a button every hour
- Think more about the tasks
- Worse performance
Event-based tasks
- When entering a room
- Intention triggered by external cue

36
Q

Prospective memory paradigm *

A
  1. Instructions prospective memory intention
  2. Filler task
  3. Ongoing task
  4. Prospective memory intention
37
Q

Can interferences interrupt prospective memory?*

A

Yes it can
- Distraction, attention on something else
Formation and retrieval of prospective memories
- Stress
- Aging

Cognition Psychology (8 decks)

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