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Biological Basis of Behaviour II > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

BEHAVIOURISM HISTORY

A
  • 1950/60s; Skinner/Watson
  • psych = only observable beh explained w/o recourse to internal mental events
  • inputs (external stimuli)/outputs (beh) focus
  • tried to establish rules governing input -> output translation (ie. learning)
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2
Q

COGNITIVE SCIENCE HISTORY

A
  • Internal mental events = essential for explaining beh; characterised as computational operations of a programe
  • CHOMSKY = language development CANNOT be explained in only beh learning term
  • computer development gave new tech metaphor
  • mind = software running on brain hardware
  • hardware form = irrelevant
  • cog scientists studied beh (ie. reaction times) BUT inferred mental modules operation
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3
Q

COGNITIVE NEUROPSYCHOLOGY

A
  • beh explained by internal mental states; events can be localised to discrete brain regions
  • driven by imaging tech developments (MRI)/specific function loss post brain lesions observations (ie. hippocampus lesions = memory issues)
  • double dissociation logic (ie. patient X = X impaired/Y spared; patient Y = Yimpaired/X spared)
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4
Q

COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE

A
  • driven by new measuring/manipulating brain function tool development (incl. functional brain imaging techniques)
  • early = adopted logic of cog neropsych; combined w/ extra precision afforded by new tools
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5
Q

ACTIVATION METHODS

A

fMRI (FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING)
EEG (ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY)
MEG (MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY)

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6
Q

DEACTIVATION METHODS

A

TMS (TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION)
LESION-DEFICIT MAPPING (NEUROPSYCHOLOGY)

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7
Q

COG NEUROSCIENCE: OTHER METH

A
  • depends on converging evidence from dif methodologies
  • activation techniques rely on correlation analysis so can’t give causal evidence regarding brain-beh relations
  • deactivation techniques allow causal statements BUT sometimes spatially imprecise
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8
Q

COG NEUROSCIENCE: SEARCH FOR THE MIND ON THE BRAIN

A
  • can all mental phenomena be reduced to physical brain processes?
  • motor function/language = easily reducible to neuronal function BUT IQ?
  • cog neuro DOESN’T need acceptance that complex phenomena = reduced to individual neuron firing; instead suggests intermediate lvl of description at neuronal system lvl
  • systems don’t necessarily have to be mapped to discrete brain regions
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9
Q

OBJECT RECOGNITION

A
  • how we recognise visual objects
  • 2 routes: WHAT/WHERE
  • agnosias = selective deficits in OR post brain damage
  • if faces are special
  • reconstructing conscious experience from brain activation patterns
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10
Q

ATTENTION

A
  • how we attend to relevant info/ignore irrelevant info IRL
  • how we locate faces in crowds
  • what happens when it breaks
  • hemispatial neglect = lesion on one brain side -> awareness loss of other space
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11
Q

WORKING MEMORY

A
  • how we maintain info over short time periods
  • why it’s so closely linked to IQ
  • prefrontal cortex role
  • decoding WM contents from brain activity patterns
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12
Q

PREFRONTAL CORTEX, INHIBITORY CONTROL & OTHER EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS

A
  • how we control our actions
  • how we withhokx from performing inappropriate actions
  • if there’s a dedicated inhibitory control module in brain
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13
Q

EMOTION

A
  • emotion generation models
  • amygdala role
  • learning/attention/decision making relations
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14
Q

MAIN TOPICS

A

OBJECT RECOGNITION
ATTENTION
EXECUTIVE FUNCTION
EMOTION

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15
Q

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

A

OBJECT RECOGNITION
- agnosia
ATTENTION
- hemispatial neglect
EXECUTIVE FUNCTION
- dysexecutive syndrome
EMOTION
- amygdala lesions
CLINICAL DISORDERS
- healthy brain functions
BASIC SCIENCE
- clinical disorders

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16
Q

COMPUTERISED COGNITIVE TESTING

A
  • measuring reaction times/accuracy in dif conditions
  • relies on subtraction logic; 2 conditions that dif by single process = RT/accuracy dif between them should reflect process operation
17
Q

NEUROPSYCHOLOGY: COGNITIVE TOOL

A
  • inferring function of brain regions from deficit pattern when damaged
  • originally double association logic
  • empirically larger samples/lesion mapping techniques
  • allows definitive causal statements about brain-beh relations
  • issue w/large brain regions so statements = imprecise sometimes
18
Q

FMRI

A
  • visualising functional brain activity during task/rest
  • actually measures BOLD (blood oxygen lvl dependent signal) aka. neural activity proxy
  • advantages = ^ spatial resolution
  • limitations = low temporal resolution (seconds)
19
Q

UNIVARIATE FMRI

A
  • single dependent variable
  • more accurately “mass univariate”
  • brain divided into cubes/voxels
  • activation in each = dependent variable
  • each voxel analysed independently
  • ends w/brain map showing which are activated
20
Q

MULTIVARIATE FMRI

A
  • multiple dependent variables
  • brain divided into voxels
  • BUT now not independent
  • examine activation patterns across groups/voxels
  • sometimes referred to as multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA)
21
Q

MULTIVARIATE FMRI: ALGORITHMS

A
  • computer algorithm (pattern classifier) trained to learn neural activation patterns associated w/dif conditions
  • given new data set; asked to predict which condition subject is currently experiencing based on neural activation patterns
  • above chance classification = brain region encodes condition info
22
Q

EEG (ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY)

A
  • recording electrical/neuronal signals from scalp
  • advantages = v fine temporal precision
  • disadvantages = poor spatial resolution
23
Q

EEG: ERPs (EVENT-RELATED POTENTIALS)

A
  • subject performs task involving repeated trials of 1+ conditions
  • EEG response to trials of each condition averaged together to form average waveform
  • ie. P300 = oddball signature
24
Q

EEG: EXAMINATION OF OSCILLATIONS IN DIF FREQUENCY BANDS (DURING TASK/AT REST)

A
  • EEG recordings = rhythmic/repetitive activity patterns
  • described in frequency terms (Hz) ie. gamma/delta/theta/alpha/beta
  • dif roles for dif frequency bands in cog processing ie. theta in WM

Biological Basis of Behaviour II (25 decks)

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