Introduction

Question 1

What is a cognitive psychology?

Answer 1

It’s the study of internal mental processes, such as attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity etc.

Question 2

What is a stroop test?

Answer 2

The Stroop task present the participant with a list of words and then ask him/her to name the color of each word as fast as possible.

Question 3

Absolute vs Relative refractory period

Answer 3

Absolute refractory period - the voltage-gated Na+ channels are unable to open, and no other new action potential can be generated, while ongoing action potential continues.
Relative refractory period the neuron can generate action potentials, but only with larger-than- normal depolarizing currents

Question 4

Which forces affect membrane potential?

Answer 4

Concentration gradient – ions go from high concentration to low
Electrical gradient – ions go more to the negative side

Question 5

At rest, the combined gradients acting on sodium (Na) do what?
A. Push it out of the cell
B. Push it into the cell
C. Cancel each other out.

Answer 5

A. Push it out of the cell

Question 6

If a neurotransmitter binds to a ligand-gated Na+ channel on a dendrite, causing it to open, what would be the likely result?
a) The postsynaptic cell will become less negative
b) The presynaptic cell will become less negative
c) The postsynaptic cell will become more negative
d) The presynaptic cell will become more negative

Answer 6

a) The postsynaptic cell will become less negative

Question 7

Which of the following techniques uses magnets to affect the brain?
a) MRI
b) fMRI
c) TMS
d) MEG

Answer 7

c) TMS

Question 8

Functional imaging techniques work by tracking _____ changes in the brain
a) electrical
b) chemical
c) structural
d) blood flow

Answer 8

d) blood flow

Question 9

What are the states of consciousness, which are obtained by EEG technique?

Answer 9

Question 10

Single unit recording?

Answer 10

Single unit recording- the use of an electrode, which records the electrophysiological activity (action potentials) from a single neuron.

Question 11

Optogenetics?

Answer 11

Optogenetics is a biological technique that control the activity of neurons or other cell types with light in specific brain cells.

Question 12

Peripheral vs Central nervous system

Answer 12

The nervous system is generally divided into two main parts. The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes the sensory and motor nerves, and associated nerve cell ganglia (groups of neuronal cell bodies), which are located outside the central nervous system.

Question 13

The nervous system is composed of two main classes of cells:

Answer 13

neurons and glial cells

Question 14

Neurons vs Glial cells

Answer 14

Neurons are the basic signaling units that transmit information throughout the nervous system.
Glial cells are non-neuronal, which provide structural support and modulating of neuronal activity

Question 15

What is myelin?

Answer 15

Glial cells also form the fatty substance called myelin in the nervous system.

Question 16

What is the s-re of neuron?

Answer 16

A neuron is composed of three main parts: a cell body, dendrites, and an axon. Like other cells, the neuron contains a nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and other intracellular organelles (inset).

Question 17

What are the 4 types of neuron?

Answer 17

Unipolar neurons have only one structure extending from the soma.
Bipolar neurons have one axon and one dendrite extending from the soma. Multipolar neurons contain one axon and many dendrites;
Pseudounipolar neurons have a single structure that extends from the soma, which later branches into two distinct structures.
ask?

Question 18

How we measure the membrane potential of a neuron?

Answer 18

Idealized neuron (left), shown with an intracellular recording electrode penetrating the neuron. The electrode measures the difference between the voltage inside versus outside the neuron, and this difference is amplified and displayed on an oscilloscope screen (top). The oscilloscope screen shows voltage over time. Before the electrode enters the neuron, the voltage difference is zero, but when the electrode is pushed into the neuron, the difference becomes -70 mV, which is the resting membrane potential.

Question 19

How arises the resting membrane potential?

Answer 19

The resting membrane potential arises from the asymmetrical distribution of ions of sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and chloride (Cl2+) across the neuron’s cell membrane.
3 sodium ions (Na+) pumped out the membrane
2 potassium ions (K+) pumped in the membrane
-70 mV resting potential

Question 20

Ion channels vs Ion pumps

Answer 20

Ion channels are proteins with a pore through the center that allow certain ions to flow down their electrochemical (electrical) and concentration gradients.
Ion pumps use energy to actively transport ions across the membrane against their concentration gradients—that is, from regions of low concentration to regions of higher concentration.

Question 21

Ion channels s-re

Answer 21

Question 22

Voltage gated-ion channels Na+ VS K+

Answer 22

Question 23

What is Hodgkin-Huxley cycle?

Answer 23

When the threshold is reached, voltage-gated Na+ channels open and Na+ flows rapidly into the neuron. When we get a large number of Na+ inside the neuron, the neuron becomes more depolarized, so that more Na+ channels open.
This process is called the Hodgkin– Huxley cycle (Positive feedback system).

Question 24

Voltage-gated ion channels location?

Answer 24

Voltage-gated ion channels are located at the axon hillock of the pre-synaptic neuron, where the action potential is triggered. Ion channels can be found along the whole length of the axon.

Question 25

What is action potential?

Answer 25

An action potential is a rapid rise (depolarization) and fall (repolarization) in voltage or membrane potential across a cellular membrane caused by the opening and closing of ion channels.

Question 26

List the steps of the action potential

Answer 26

-70 mV resting potential - 55 mV threshold value

Question 27

What is saltatory conduction?

Answer 27

Action potentials in myelinated axons need occur only at the nodes of Ranvier, travelling from one node to another, which is called saltatory conduction

Question 28

What is a synapse?

Answer 28

a specialized structure where two neurons come into close contact, so that chemical or electrical signals can be passed from one cell to the next

Question 29

Synapse s-re

Answer 29

Question 30

Neurotransmitter leading to postsynaptic potential Before transmitter release vs after

Answer 30

Question 31

What is neural integration?

Answer 31

Question 32

Gap junction?

Answer 32

Intercellular contacts providing direct transfer of ions and small molecules between neighboring cells.

Question 33

What are the kinds of neurotransmitters? Describe each.

Answer 33

1) Amines: Dopamine for movement, when die – parkinson’s disease Epinephrine (adrenaline) - more of hormone serotonin - mood system norepinephrine (noradrenaline) – focus, attention, arousal, increase heart rate 2) Acetylcholine – learning and memory, automatic system in the body 3) Neuropeptides – tiny proteins, non classical neurotransmitter Oxytocin acts as the hormone Endorphins – relieve pain and gives pleasure 4) Amino acids: glutamata - excitatory, GABA - inhibitory

Question 34

Spatial vs Temporal resolution

Answer 34

Spatial resolution refers to the capacity a technique has to tell you exactly which area of the brain is active, while temporal resolution describes its ability to tell you exactly when the activation happened

Question 35

list the brain parts of dog

Answer 35

Question 36

List the anatomical directions of brain in humans

Answer 36

Question 37

Ventricles definition

Answer 37

Ventricles are open spaces inside the brain, which create the cerebrospinal fluid

Question 38

What are the division parts of the brain?

Answer 38

Question 39

What is cerebellum? It's function?

Answer 39

Cerebellum – is a large part of the brain, which is responsible for movement and coordination of muscles. Cerebellum is not part of the brain stem.

Question 40

What is brainstem? Its function?

Answer 40

Brainstem is the bottom part of the brain, which connects the rest of the brain to a spinal cord. The brainstem sends signals from your brain to the rest of your body. It controls many subconscious body functions, like breathing and maintaining your heart rate

Question 41

Purkinje cell meaning?

Answer 41

Any of numerous neurons of the cerebral cortex (cerebellum)having large flask-shaped cell bodies with massive dendrites and one slender axon

Question 42

Thalamus vs Hypothalamus

Answer 42

Thalamus is an egg-shaped structure in the middle of your brain that control all incoming motor (movement) and sensory information — hearing, taste, sight and touch (but not smell) — from the body to your brain. Hypothalamus - a neural structure lying below the thalamus, which directs several activities (eating, drinking, body temperature) and helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward. Hypothalamus - is dealing with stress, sleep cycles, reproductive behaviors.

Question 43

List the main s-res of the brainstem and their function

Answer 43

Midbrain, pons and medulla – main s-res of the brain Midbrain - functions in motor movement, particularly movements of the eye, and in auditory and visual processing Medulla – controls heart going, respiration and blood pressure Pons - a structure that links your brain to your spinal cord, handles unconscious processes, such as alertness, stages of sleep

Question 44

What are the ways to classify s-res in the brain?

Answer 44

1) Gross anatomy - the branch of anatomy that deals with the structure of organs and tissues that are visible to the naked eye. 2) Cytoarchitectonics - the study of the cellular composition of the central nervous system's tissues under the microscope. 3) Function

Question 45

Glial cells vs Schwann cells

Answer 45

Glial cells form the fatty substance called myelin in the nervous system. In the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells carry out this task.

Question 46

Presynaptic neuron VS postsynaptic neuron

Answer 46

Presynaptic neuron is the neuron sending the information. Postsynaptic neuron is the neuron, which receives the information.

Question 47

What is membrane potential?

Answer 47

Membrane potential (or membrane voltage) is the difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell. The charge inside of the membrane is more negative than outside of the membrane.