Introduction Flashcards
physiology
- branch of biology that studies the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms
what are the characteristics of life (7)
- order and complexity
- harvest and use of energy
- growth and development
- reproduction
- regulation
- response to environment
- evolution
what is the connection/characteristics between forms of life on earth? (2)
- life on earth is extremely diverse
- but all life on earth has a single origin; all nature kingdoms share a common ancestor
LUCA (2)
- Last Universal Common Ancestor
- all living organisms share fundamental similarities because of LUCA, even plants and animals
what structure is common to all three domains of life on Earth
- the phospholipid bilayer membrane
plasma membrane significance (2)
- creates distinct environment that isolates cellular components from external interference
- allows for complexity and order
cell significance
- fundamental unit of life
- differences and similarities between animal, plant, and bacterial cells
both plants and animals are eukaryotes; therefore, most cells in plants and animals have: (5)
- a plasma membrane, a nucleus, mitochondria, ER, Golgi
both have mitochondria to generate energy for cell, but plants have ADDITIONAL chloroplasts
key similarities between animal and plant cells (2)
- plasma membrane: shared feature among all life domains
- intracellular organelles: nucleus, mitochondria, ER, Golgi; shared feature among all eukaryotes (including plants)
key difference between animal and plant cells (2)
- plants cells have chloroplasts
- plant cells have a cell wall
chloroplasts function (3)
- harvest energy from light
- capture CO2
- store the light energy and CO2 as simple sugars
chloroplasts (2)
- double-membrane organelle
- evolved from cyanobacteria: after engulfed, symbiosis eventually led to loss of some function and then integration in the plant cell
plant cell wall function (3)
- function (2)
- absence in animal cells
- can withstand high osmotic pressure; expand, but don’t explode due to strong cell wall
- cell wall allows for generation of beneficial turgor pressure in plants cells
- animal cells burst due to osmotic pressure
overview of flowering plant organization
- the root and shoots systems are connected by a continuous vasculature
overview of vertebrate body organization
- the vertebrate body is made up of multiple interacting organ systems
main tissue types in plants (3)
- dermal
- vascular
- ground
main tissue types in animals (4)
organized into multiple organs are:
- epithelial
- connective
- muscle
- nervous
key ideas about plants at the organism level (2)
- plants are often rooted in place and can move only locally
- must be able to cope with changes in environment (fight or fight)
key ideas about animals at the organism level (2)
- many (but not all) animals move
- animals can actively decide when and where to move (fight or fly/flight)
what do all organisms need (2)
- need
- use of need
- energy
- use energy for growth, development, maintenance, and repair
animal primary energy source
- organic matter (from other plants or other animals)
plant primary energy source
- sunlight
how do animals get energy and nutrients (3)
- ingest water and organic material containing complex organic molecules from other organisms
- organic material is broken down to obtain building blocks that can be reused
- breaking down complex molecules releases energy which can be stored as ATP
what are the direct sources of energy for animals? (4)
- carbohydrates
- fats
- proteins
- ATP
ATP (2)
- fundamental energy currency
- come from oxidation of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
how do plants get energy and nutrients? (4)
- plants capture energy from sunlight (inorganic molecules)
- the energy is used to fix inorganic CO2 into organic carbohydrates/simple organic molecules (monosaccharides)
- carbohydrates are broken down to obtain metabolic energy (ATP) and building blocks; breakdown releases ATP
- inorganic molecules taken from soil are also used to form building blocks
what can be used as sources of energy for plants? (4)
- carbohydrates
- fats
- proteins
- sunlight
plant and animal principles of transport (3)
- similarities
plants and animals share same principles of transport:
- use circulatory systems to transport large quantity of materials to remote areas
- fluids are transported using positive and negative pressure systems
- pressure systems in plant and animals require an energy input to work
positive pressure systems (2)
- animals
- plants
- animals: circulation
- plants: phloem transport (sugars)
negative pressure systems (2)
- animals
- plants
- animals: breathing
- negative: xylem transport of water
plant and animal principles of transport (3)
- differences
- animals vs plants (2)
animals and plants differ in the mechanisms that generate energy for transport
- animals: muscles
- plants: physics (molecule gradients); osmosis or transpiration/evaporation
how are plants and animals similar in their responses to the environment (2)
- sensing and responding mechanisms in plants and animals share the same fundamental features
- environmental/developmental signal -> receptor -> signal transduction pathway -> response
animal responses to the environment (3)
- have complex sensory organs with multiple cell types (eg. light censor in animal eyes)
- endocrine (chemical) and nervous (electrical) systems coordinate to respond across the entire organism
- in many animals, the brain coordinates and integrates multiple signals in induces rapid responses at the organismal level
plant responses to the environment (3)
- usually detect signals at the level of individual cells (eg. gravity sensor locating in each cell of root cells)
- long distance communication uses hormones and rarely electrical signals
- plants lack brains; cellular responses are very fast, but coordinated response at the organismal level are generally slow
