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BIOL 260 > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

physiology

A
  • branch of biology that studies the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms
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2
Q

what are the characteristics of life (7)

A
  • order and complexity
  • harvest and use of energy
  • growth and development
  • reproduction
  • regulation
  • response to environment
  • evolution
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3
Q

what is the connection/characteristics between forms of life on earth? (2)

A
  • life on earth is extremely diverse

- but all life on earth has a single origin; all nature kingdoms share a common ancestor

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4
Q

LUCA (2)

A
  • Last Universal Common Ancestor

- all living organisms share fundamental similarities because of LUCA, even plants and animals

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5
Q

what structure is common to all three domains of life on Earth

A
  • the phospholipid bilayer membrane
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6
Q

plasma membrane significance (2)

A
  • creates distinct environment that isolates cellular components from external interference
  • allows for complexity and order
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7
Q

cell significance

A
  • fundamental unit of life

- differences and similarities between animal, plant, and bacterial cells

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8
Q

both plants and animals are eukaryotes; therefore, most cells in plants and animals have: (5)

A
  • a plasma membrane, a nucleus, mitochondria, ER, Golgi

both have mitochondria to generate energy for cell, but plants have ADDITIONAL chloroplasts

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9
Q

key similarities between animal and plant cells (2)

A
  • plasma membrane: shared feature among all life domains

- intracellular organelles: nucleus, mitochondria, ER, Golgi; shared feature among all eukaryotes (including plants)

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10
Q

key difference between animal and plant cells (2)

A
  • plants cells have chloroplasts

- plant cells have a cell wall

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11
Q

chloroplasts function (3)

A
  • harvest energy from light
  • capture CO2
  • store the light energy and CO2 as simple sugars
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12
Q

chloroplasts (2)

A
  • double-membrane organelle
  • evolved from cyanobacteria: after engulfed, symbiosis eventually led to loss of some function and then integration in the plant cell
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13
Q

plant cell wall function (3)

  • function (2)
  • absence in animal cells
A
  • can withstand high osmotic pressure; expand, but don’t explode due to strong cell wall
  • cell wall allows for generation of beneficial turgor pressure in plants cells
  • animal cells burst due to osmotic pressure
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14
Q

overview of flowering plant organization

A
  • the root and shoots systems are connected by a continuous vasculature
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15
Q

overview of vertebrate body organization

A
  • the vertebrate body is made up of multiple interacting organ systems
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16
Q

main tissue types in plants (3)

A
  • dermal
  • vascular
  • ground
17
Q

main tissue types in animals (4)

A

organized into multiple organs are:

  • epithelial
  • connective
  • muscle
  • nervous
18
Q

key ideas about plants at the organism level (2)

A
  • plants are often rooted in place and can move only locally

- must be able to cope with changes in environment (fight or fight)

19
Q

key ideas about animals at the organism level (2)

A
  • many (but not all) animals move

- animals can actively decide when and where to move (fight or fly/flight)

20
Q

what do all organisms need (2)

  • need
  • use of need
A
  • energy

- use energy for growth, development, maintenance, and repair

21
Q

animal primary energy source

A
  • organic matter (from other plants or other animals)
22
Q

plant primary energy source

A
  • sunlight
23
Q

how do animals get energy and nutrients (3)

A
  • ingest water and organic material containing complex organic molecules from other organisms
  • organic material is broken down to obtain building blocks that can be reused
  • breaking down complex molecules releases energy which can be stored as ATP
24
Q

what are the direct sources of energy for animals? (4)

A
  • carbohydrates
  • fats
  • proteins
  • ATP
25
Q

ATP (2)

A
  • fundamental energy currency

- come from oxidation of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

26
Q

how do plants get energy and nutrients? (4)

A
  • plants capture energy from sunlight (inorganic molecules)
  • the energy is used to fix inorganic CO2 into organic carbohydrates/simple organic molecules (monosaccharides)
  • carbohydrates are broken down to obtain metabolic energy (ATP) and building blocks; breakdown releases ATP
  • inorganic molecules taken from soil are also used to form building blocks
27
Q

what can be used as sources of energy for plants? (4)

A
  • carbohydrates
  • fats
  • proteins
  • sunlight
28
Q

plant and animal principles of transport (3)

- similarities

A

plants and animals share same principles of transport:

  • use circulatory systems to transport large quantity of materials to remote areas
  • fluids are transported using positive and negative pressure systems
  • pressure systems in plant and animals require an energy input to work
29
Q

positive pressure systems (2)

  • animals
  • plants
A
  • animals: circulation

- plants: phloem transport (sugars)

30
Q

negative pressure systems (2)

  • animals
  • plants
A
  • animals: breathing

- negative: xylem transport of water

31
Q

plant and animal principles of transport (3)

  • differences
  • animals vs plants (2)
A

animals and plants differ in the mechanisms that generate energy for transport

  • animals: muscles
  • plants: physics (molecule gradients); osmosis or transpiration/evaporation
32
Q

how are plants and animals similar in their responses to the environment (2)

A
  • sensing and responding mechanisms in plants and animals share the same fundamental features
  • environmental/developmental signal -> receptor -> signal transduction pathway -> response
33
Q

animal responses to the environment (3)

A
  • have complex sensory organs with multiple cell types (eg. light censor in animal eyes)
  • endocrine (chemical) and nervous (electrical) systems coordinate to respond across the entire organism
  • in many animals, the brain coordinates and integrates multiple signals in induces rapid responses at the organismal level
34
Q

plant responses to the environment (3)

A
  • usually detect signals at the level of individual cells (eg. gravity sensor locating in each cell of root cells)
  • long distance communication uses hormones and rarely electrical signals
  • plants lack brains; cellular responses are very fast, but coordinated response at the organismal level are generally slow

BIOL 260 (10 decks)

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