Animal Response to the Environment

Question 1

cellular receptors (2)

Answer 1

can be found in:

• membrane
• cytoplasm

Question 2

how can amplification occur during transduction (2)

Answer 2

• one molecule can activate many other molecules as long as it stays active, and those can activate other molecules
• a single transcription factor can create many mRNAs

Question 3

responses to reception of signal (2)

Answer 3

• change in gene expression

- change in structure of existing molecules

Question 4

transduction

Answer 4

• converts incoming signal into a form that can cause a response in the cell

Question 5

how can high temperatures damage cells

Answer 5

• it denatures proteins of the cell so that they cannot form their original function

Question 6

molecule chaperone proteins (3)

Answer 6

quality control system for proteins

• assist in protein folding and refolding
• prevent protein aggregation
• target proteins for degradation

Question 7

regulation of heat shock proteins (hsp) (4)

Answer 7

1. at rest, proteins found in a multiprotein complex
2. cellular stress causes complex to dissociate and become active:
3. released hsp perform their chaperone functions
4. released HSF acts as a TF to up-regulate hsp expression

Question 8

HSF mechanism (4)

Answer 8

• released HSF forms a trimer with other HSF molecules
• enters the nucleus
• acts as a TF
• up-regulates production of hsps

Question 9

heat shock pathway: receptor

Answer 9

• cellular stress: causes complex to dissociate

Question 10

heat shock pathway: transduction

Answer 10

• trimerization of HSF and HSF acting as a TF

Question 11

heat shock pathway: response

Answer 11

• hsps refold denatured proteins and help prevent protein aggregation

Question 12

nervous system (2)

Answer 12

• complex network of specialized cells (neurons) that transmit signals
• often coordinated by groups of neurons, such as brain and ganglia

Question 13

how does the nervous system transmit signals (2)

Answer 13

• transmit electrical signals across long distances WITHIN cells
• short distance signalling (paracrine) BETWEEN cells at the synapse

Question 14

endocrine system (2)

Answer 14

• series of organs (endocrine glands) that release hormones into the blood
• detected by receptors on the target cells

Question 15

juxtacrine

Answer 15

• cells next to each other communicate directly

Question 16

paracrine

Answer 16

• nearby cells communicate by releasing chemicals that can act on oneself or on neighbours

Question 17

endocrine

Answer 17

• cell communicate throughout the whole body by releasing hormones into the blood

Question 18

signalling pathway of the nervous system: receptor

Answer 18

• sensory receptors that are triggered by incoming stimuli

Question 19

signalling pathway of the nervous system: transduction

Answer 19

• afferent neurons send signal to integrating center

- integrating center sends signal to efferent neurons

Question 20

signalling pathway of the nervous system: response

Answer 20

• signal from efferent neuron causes effector organs to produce some output

Question 21

the stress response (2)

Answer 21

coordinated by both nervous system and the endocrine system working together:

• sympathetic nervous system
• HPA axis

Question 22

the stress response signalling pathway: transduction (3)

Answer 22

• signals that were received are sent to the CNS
• brain processes the signals
• activation of sympathetic nervous system or HPA axis

Question 23

why does evolution shape us to be scared first, before thoroughly accessing the threat

Answer 23

• better to be safe, than sorry

Question 24

what kind of activities do the sympathetic system regulate

Answer 24

fight or flight activities

Question 25

effects of circulating epinephrine (4)

Answer 25

• increased heart rate
• bronchodilation
• decreased blood flow to the gut and kidney
• increased blood flow to the muscle

Question 26

how long does it take for the effects of circulating epinephrine to happen

Answer 26

happens in seconds - minutes

Question 27

cortisol signalling pathway (3)

Answer 27

• binds to intracellular receptor
• receptor is translocated to the nucleus
• receptor binds to DNA and acts as a transcription factor

Question 28

acute stress response

Answer 28

• fight or flight helps deal with short-term stressors and to recover from intense effects of response

Question 29

chronic stress effects (4)

Answer 29

• memory loss and lack of concentration
• immune suppression
• weight gain/loss
• IBS, infertility, etc (messes with other hormones)

Question 30

chronic stress effect on the brain

Answer 30

• neurons in cortex and hippocampus get smaller (thinking and memory)
• neurons in amygdala get larger (fear and anxiety)