Introduction

Question 1

Based on what you have read in this chapter, what is the definition of logic?

Answer 1

Logic is the science of right thinking

Question 2

Give the names of the two main branches of logic

Answer 2

Formal or minor logic

Material or major logic

Question 3

Explain the first of the main branches of logic, and describe it in your own words.

Answer 3

Formal logic is interested in the form of structure of reasoning.

Question 4

Explain the second of the main branches of logic, and describe it in your own words.

Answer 4

Material logic is concerned with the content of argumentation. It deals with the truth of the terms and the propositions in an argument.

Question 5

True or false. The purpose of formal logic is to discover truth.

Answer 5

False

Question 6

True or false. The purpose of formula logic is to lead us from one truth to another

Answer 6

True

Question 7

True or false. It is necessary to have logic in order to discover truth.

Answer 7

False

Question 8

True or false, a statement can be true or false.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

True or false. A statement can be valid or invalid.

Answer 9

False

Question 10

True or false. An argument can be true or false

Answer 10

False

Question 11

True or false. Arguments can only be valid or invalid.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

True or false. Truth is only of secondary consideration in formal logic

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Define truth.

Answer 13

Truth is correspondence to reality

Question 14

Explain what it means to say that argument is valid.

Answer 14

We say an argument is valid when it’s conclusion follows logically from it’s premises.

Question 15

Define soundness.

Answer 15

The term soundness is used to indicate that all the premises in an argument are true and that the argument is valid.

Question 16

True or false. And argument can contain true premises and be invalid.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

True or false. And argument can be sound and contain false premises.

Answer 17

False

Question 18

A sound argument must be valid.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

True or false.A valid argument must be sound.

Answer 19

False

A valid argument need not to be sound, since an argument can be valid but have false premises, disallowing it from being sound.

Question 20

True or false. An argument with true premises can be unsound.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

True or false. An argument can contain only one premise.

Answer 21

False

An argument must contain to premises in traditional logic.

Question 22

Promise or conclusion.

All men are mortal

Answer 22

Premise

Question 23

Premise or conclusion.

Socrates is a man

Answer 23

Premise

Question 24

Premise or conclusion.

Therefore, Socrates is mortal.

Answer 24

Conclusion

Question 25

Name the three types of logical processes (or acts of the mind) involved in logic.

Answer 25

Simple apprehension
Judgment
Deductive inference

Question 26

Each of these logical processes originates in a mental act and manifests itself in the form of a verbal expression.

Answer 26

Mental act

Verbal expression

Question 27

What is the mental act involved in the first of the three kinds of logical processes,?

Answer 27

Simple apprehension

Question 28

What is the verbal expression connected to Simple Apprehension?

Answer 28

Term

Question 29

What occurs in our minds when we have a simple apprehension,?

Answer 29

We form in our minds a concept of something

Question 30

If you think of this book and have the concept in your mind, you are having a simple apprehension. What is the term you use to verbally express this particular simple apprehension?

Answer 30

Book or Term

Question 31

Name the terms included in the following argument:
All men are mortal
Socrates is a man
Therefore, Socrates is mortal

Answer 31

Men; mortal; Socrates

Question 32

What does each one of these terms represent?

Answer 32

A concept

Question 33

What is the mental act involved in the second of the three kinds of logical processes?

Answer 33

Judgement

Question 34

What is the verbal expression connected to this mental act?

Answer 34

Proposition

Question 35

What occurs in our minds when we perform a judgment?

Answer 35

We perform a judgement anytime we think in our minds that something is something else (which we call affirmation), and also when we think that something is not something else (which we call denial).

Question 36

If you think that this book is boring by affirming in your mind that this is so, your mind is performing a judgment. What is the term you use to verbally express this judgment?

Answer 36

Proposition

Question 37

Indicate the propositions included in the argument:
All men are mortal
Socrates is a man
Therefore, Socrates is mortal

Answer 37

“All men are mortal“; “Socrates is a man“; and “Socrates is mortal“ (you do not have to include the word ‘therefore’ in the last proposition.)

Question 38

What does each one of these propositions represent?

Answer 38

Judgement

Question 39

What is the mental act involved in the third of the three kinds of logical processes?

Answer 39

Deductive inference

Question 40

What is the verbal expression connected to this mental act?

Answer 40

Syllogism

Question 41

Describe in no less than one and no more than three sentences what occurs in our minds when we engage in deductive inference.

Answer 41

Deductive inference occurs when we make the logical connections in our mind between the terms in the argument in a way that shows us that the conclusion either follows or does not follow from the premises.

Question 42

If you think that because all books are boring and that this is a book, and that therefore this book is boring, your mind engaged in deductive inference. What is the term you use to verbally express this deductive inference,?

Answer 42

Syllogism