Introduction Flashcards
Based on what you have read in this chapter, what is the definition of logic?
Logic is the science of right thinking
Give the names of the two main branches of logic
Formal or minor logic
Material or major logic
Explain the first of the main branches of logic, and describe it in your own words.
Formal logic is interested in the form of structure of reasoning.
Explain the second of the main branches of logic, and describe it in your own words.
Material logic is concerned with the content of argumentation. It deals with the truth of the terms and the propositions in an argument.
True or false. The purpose of formal logic is to discover truth.
False
True or false. The purpose of formula logic is to lead us from one truth to another
True
True or false. It is necessary to have logic in order to discover truth.
False
True or false, a statement can be true or false.
True
True or false. A statement can be valid or invalid.
False
True or false. An argument can be true or false
False
True or false. Arguments can only be valid or invalid.
True
True or false. Truth is only of secondary consideration in formal logic
True
Define truth.
Truth is correspondence to reality
Explain what it means to say that argument is valid.
We say an argument is valid when it’s conclusion follows logically from it’s premises.
Define soundness.
The term soundness is used to indicate that all the premises in an argument are true and that the argument is valid.
True or false. And argument can contain true premises and be invalid.
True
True or false. And argument can be sound and contain false premises.
False
A sound argument must be valid.
True
True or false.A valid argument must be sound.
False
A valid argument need not to be sound, since an argument can be valid but have false premises, disallowing it from being sound.
True or false. An argument with true premises can be unsound.
True
True or false. An argument can contain only one premise.
False
An argument must contain to premises in traditional logic.
Promise or conclusion.
All men are mortal
Premise
Premise or conclusion.
Socrates is a man
Premise
Premise or conclusion.
Therefore, Socrates is mortal.
Conclusion
Name the three types of logical processes (or acts of the mind) involved in logic.
Simple apprehension
Judgment
Deductive inference
Each of these logical processes originates in a mental act and manifests itself in the form of a verbal expression.
Mental act
Verbal expression
What is the mental act involved in the first of the three kinds of logical processes,?
Simple apprehension
What is the verbal expression connected to Simple Apprehension?
Term
What occurs in our minds when we have a simple apprehension,?
We form in our minds a concept of something
If you think of this book and have the concept in your mind, you are having a simple apprehension. What is the term you use to verbally express this particular simple apprehension?
Book or Term
Name the terms included in the following argument:
All men are mortal
Socrates is a man
Therefore, Socrates is mortal
Men; mortal; Socrates
What does each one of these terms represent?
A concept
What is the mental act involved in the second of the three kinds of logical processes?
Judgement
What is the verbal expression connected to this mental act?
Proposition
What occurs in our minds when we perform a judgment?
We perform a judgement anytime we think in our minds that something is something else (which we call affirmation), and also when we think that something is not something else (which we call denial).
If you think that this book is boring by affirming in your mind that this is so, your mind is performing a judgment. What is the term you use to verbally express this judgment?
Proposition
Indicate the propositions included in the argument:
All men are mortal
Socrates is a man
Therefore, Socrates is mortal
“All men are mortal“; “Socrates is a man“; and “Socrates is mortal“ (you do not have to include the word ‘therefore’ in the last proposition.)
What does each one of these propositions represent?
Judgement
What is the mental act involved in the third of the three kinds of logical processes?
Deductive inference
What is the verbal expression connected to this mental act?
Syllogism
Describe in no less than one and no more than three sentences what occurs in our minds when we engage in deductive inference.
Deductive inference occurs when we make the logical connections in our mind between the terms in the argument in a way that shows us that the conclusion either follows or does not follow from the premises.
If you think that because all books are boring and that this is a book, and that therefore this book is boring, your mind engaged in deductive inference. What is the term you use to verbally express this deductive inference,?
Syllogism
