Chapter 5: the four statements of logic Flashcards
What are we discussing in this chapter?
The classification of proposition.
What is the four categorical propositions? (Use S to represent the subject-term and P to represent the predicate-term in each proposition.)
“All S is P”; “some S is P”; “No S is P”; and “some S is not P.”
What are the letters that we use to represent each of these propositions?
A, I, E, and O.
Why is “All S is P” called an A statement?
‘A’ is the first vowel in the Latin word ‘affirmo.’
Why is “Some S is P” called an I statement?
‘I’ is the second vowel in the Latin word ‘affirmo.’
Why is “No S is P” called an E statement?
‘E’ is the first vowel in the Latin word ‘nego.’
Why is “Some S is not P” called an O statement?
‘O’ is the second vowel in the Latin word ‘nego.’
Tell whether this statement is an A, I, E, or O statement. All men are mortal.
A statement.
Tell whether this statement is an A, I, E, or O statement. Some boys are not rude.
O statement.
Tell whether this statement is an A, I, E, or O statement. No boys are rude.
E statement.
Tell whether this statement is an A, I, E, or O statement. All cars are fast.
A statement.
Tell whether this statement is an A, I, E, or O statement. Some men are mortal.
I statement.
Tell whether this statement is an A, I, E, or O statement. Some boys are rude.
I statement.
Tell whether this statement is an A, I, E, or O statement. Some men are not mortal.
O statement.
Tell whether this statement is an A, I, E, or O statement. No men are mortal.
E statement.
Tell whether this statement is an A, I, E, or O statement. No girls are pretty.
E statement.
Tell whether this statement is an A, I, E, or O statement. Some cars are not fast.
O statement.
Tell whether this statement is an A, I, E, or O statement. All boys are rude.
A statement.
Tell whether this statement is an A, I, E, or O statement. Some girls are not pretty.
O statement.
Tell whether this statement is an A, I, E, or O statement. All girls are pretty.
A statement.
Tell whether this statement is an A, I, E, or O statement. Some cars are fast.
I statement.
Tell whether this statement is an A, I, E, or O statement. No cars are fast.
E statement.
Tell whether this statement is an A, I, E, or O statement. Some girls are pretty.
I statement.
In addition to the subject-term, predicate-term, and copula, what is the fourth component of a categorical proposition?
The quantifier.
What are the four quantifiers used in categorical statements.
“All,”some,” “no,” and “some…not.”
Indicate the quantifier in this statement. All men are mortal.
All.
Indicate the quantifier in this statement. Some men are mortal.
Some.
Indicate the quantifier in this statement. No men are mortal.
No.
Indicate the quantifier in this statement. Some men are not mortal.
Some…not.
Indicate the quantifier in this statement. All men are mortal.
All.
Indicate the quantifier in this statement. Some men are not mortal.
Some…not.
Indicate the quantifier in this statement. No boys are rude.
No.
Indicate the quantifier in this statement. All cars are fast.
All.
Indicate the quantifier in this statement. Some men are mortal.
Some.
Indicate the quantifier in this statement. Some boys are rude.
Some.
Indicate the quantifier in this statement. No men are mortal.
No.
Indicate the quantifier in this statement. Some boys are not rude.
Some…not.
Indicate the quantifier in this statement. No girls are pretty.
No.
Indicate the quantifier in this statement. Some cars are not fast.
Some…not.
Indicate the quantifier in this statement. All boys are rude.
All.
Indicate the quantifier in this statement. Some girls are not pretty.
Some…not.
Indicate the quantifier in this statement. All girls are pretty.
All.
Indicate the quantifier in this statement. Some cars are fast.
Some.
Indicate the quantifier in this statement. No cars are fast.
No.
Indicate the quantifier in this statement. Some girls are pretty.
Some.
What are the two characteristics of categorical statements.
Quality and quantity.
With what does the quality of a proposition have to do.
The quality of a proposition has to do with whether it is affirmative or negative.
What are we asking if we ask “What is the quality of this statement?”
We are asking whether it is affirmative or negative.
What do we mean when we say that a proposition is affirmative?
We mean that something is affirmed about the subject of the sentence.
What do we mean when we say that a proposition is negative?
We mean that something is denied about the subject of the sentence.
Is this sentence affirmative or negative? All S is P.
Affirmative.
Is this sentence affirmative or negative? Some S is P.
Affirmative.
Is this sentence affirmative or negative? No S is P.
Negative.
Is this sentence affirmative or negative? Some S is not P.
Negative.
Is this sentence affirmative or negative? All men are mortal.
Affirmative.
Is this sentence affirmative or negative? Some men are not mortal.
Negative.
Is this sentence affirmative or negative? No boys are rude.
Negative.
Is this sentence affirmative or negative? All cars are fast.
Affirmative.
Is this sentence affirmative or negative? Some men are mortal.
Affirmative.
Is this sentence affirmative or negative? Some boys are rude.
Affirmative.
Is this sentence affirmative or negative? No men are mortal.
Negative.
Is this sentence affirmative or negative? Some boys are not rude.
Negative.
Is this sentence affirmative or negative? No girls are pretty.
Negative.
Is this sentence affirmative or negative? Some cars are fast.
Affirmative.
Is this sentence affirmative or negative? All boys are rude.
Affirmative.
Is this sentence affirmative or negative? Some girls are not pretty.
Negative.
Is this sentence affirmative or negative? All girls are pretty.
Affirmative.
Is this sentence affirmative or negative? Some cars are fast.
Affirmative.
Is this sentence affirmative or negative? No cars are fast.
Negative.
Is this sentence affirmative or negative? Some girls are pretty.
Affirmative.
What is the rule for distinguishing universal statements.
The general rule for statements that do not contain a quantifier is that “all” is intended, unless some is clearly indicated.
Are statements in which the subject-term is the name of a certain individual are universal or particular? Explain.
Statements in which the subject-term is the name of a certain individual are universal, since they refer to all the members of the class referred to by the name, even though that class happens to be made up of only one person.
Is this statement universal or particular? Caeser is a great general.
Universal.
Is this statement universal or particular? Mary is the mother of Jesus.
Universal.
Is this statement universal or particular? The soldiers are tired.
Universal.
Is this statement universal or particular? Jesus is the Son of God.
Universal.
Is this statement universal or particular? Christians pray.
Universal.
Is this statement universal or particular? Albert Einstein is a genius.
Universal.
Is this statement universal or particular? Romans are cruel.
Universal.
Tell the quality and quantity of this proposition. All kings are good.
Affirmative, universal.
Tell the quality and quantity of this proposition. No truth is simple.
Negative, universal.
Tell the quality and quantity of this proposition. Some generals are great.
Affirmative, particular.
Tell the quality and quantity of this proposition. Some Gauls are not brave.
Negative, particular.
Tell the quality and quantity of this proposition. Some wars are not cruel.
Negative, particular.
Tell the quality and quantity of this proposition. All Romans are brave.
Affirmative, universal.
Tell the quality and quantity of this proposition. All Christians are brothers.
Affirmative, universal.
Tell the quality and quantity of this proposition. No wars are peaceful.
Negative, universal.
Tell the quality and quantity of this proposition. Some towns are well fortified.
Affirmative, particular.
Tell the quality and quantity of this proposition. All truth is God’s truth.
Affirmative, universal.
Tell the quality and quantity of this proposition. Some towns are not fortified.
Negative, particular.
Tell the quality and quantity of this proposition. Some victories are not glorious.
Negative, particular.
Tell the quality and quantity of this proposition. No tribes are safe.
Negative universal.
Tell the quality and quantity of this proposition. All leaders are slaughtered.
Affirmative, universal.
Tell the quality and quantity of this proposition. Some wars are fierce.
Affirmative, particular.
Which one is affirmative, and universal? A, E, I,or O statements.
A.
Which one is affirmative, and particular? A, E, I,or O statements?
I.
Which one is Negative, and universal? A, E, I,or O statements.
E.
Which one is Negative, and particular? A, E, I,or O statements?
O.
What is the best way to change a sentence that isn’t in logical form to one that is in logical form?
By reworking the predicate-copula portion of the sentence.
True or false. A proposition is the verbal expression of a judgement.
True.
True or false. Judgement is the third part of the study of logic.
False.
True or false. The subject and the copula are united by the predicate.
False.
True or false. Just do it is a proposition.
False.
True or false. All dogs go to heaven is a proposition.
True.
A subject-term must have at least two words.
False.
