Introduction 01

Question 1

What is a hormone?

Answer 1

Secreted products – act
DISTANTLY (enter circulation) via specific receptors

Question 2

4 Types of Hormone Action

Answer 2

haemocrine
paracrine
solinocrine
autocrine

Question 3

Define Haemocrine

Answer 3

secreted into circulation (blood stream)

Question 4

Define Paracrine

Answer 4

Acts on nearby cell

Question 5

Define Solinocrine

Answer 5

Secreted into gut

Question 6

Define Autocrine

Answer 6

Acts on the SAME cell

Question 7

Name the classical Endocrine Glands (8)

Answer 7

Pituitary (brain)
Pineal Gland (brain)
Thyroid (neck)
Parathyroid (x4 neck)
Adrenal (x2 kidneys)
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes

Question 8

6 Endocrine Organs

Answer 8

• Gut
• Liver
• Kidneys
• Skin
• Vascular Endothelium
• Adipose tissue

Question 9

Different molecules as hormones (6)

Answer 9

• Catecholamines & other small molecules
  (eg adrenaline, nor-adrenaline, melatonin)
• Peptide hormones (eg insulin, parathyroid
  hormone)
• Eicosanoids (derived from fatty acids eg
  prostaglandins)
• Steroid hormones (cortisol, sex steroids,
  vitamin D)
• Thyroid hormone
• Gases (eg nitric oxide in blood vessels)

Question 10

4 Different
receptor types

Answer 10

EXTRACELLULAR - G-PROTEIN COUPLED
* Catecholamines, peptide hormones
* Nitric oxide
EXTRACELLULAR - PHOSPHORYLATION OF INTRACELLULAR
proteins
* Insulin
* Cytokines
EXTRACELLULAR - ION LINKED
* Some neurotransmitters
INTRACELLULAR - NUCLEAR RECEPTORS
* Steroid hormones
* Thyroid hormone
* Vitamin D

Question 11

Each hormone has its own…

Answer 11

SPECIFIC receptor

Question 12

5 Actions of Insulin:

Answer 12

(lowers blood glucose conc)
* Increases GLUCOSE UPTAKE into fat and muscle
* Stimulates GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS in liver and muscle
* Stimulates STORAGE OF TRIGLYCERIDE (fat) in adipose tissue
* Increases PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
* DECREASES hepatic glucose synthesis
(‘GLUCONEOGENESIS’)

Question 13

What is Type 1 Diabetes

Answer 13

absolute insulin
deficiency

Question 14

What is Type 2 Diabetes

Answer 14

insulin resistance and
insulin deficiency

Question 15

What happens in type 1 diabetes

Answer 15

• Uncontrolled gluconeogenesis
• Failure of glucose uptake into
  muscle and fat
• Use of alternative fuels (fatty acids)
• Development of HYPERGLYCAEMIA,
  KETOACIDOSIS
  ( eventual coma and
  death if untreated)

Question 16

What do we get from Insulin excess

Answer 16

hypoglycaemia

• Sympathetic response (sweating,
  tachycardia, hunger)
• Confusion and coma as brain starved of glucose

Question 17

How can we get Insulin Excess

Answer 17

– usually in treatment of
diabetes

• Can also occur with rare insulin secreting pancreatic tumour (insulinoma)

Question 18

Thyroid hormone uses co-factor…

Answer 18

RA
Retinoic Acid

Question 19

Result of thyroid hormone

Answer 19

Increased metabolic rate

Enhanced response to catecholamines etc.

Question 20

hypothyroidism
how are T4,T3 and TSH levels

Answer 20

LOW T3 & T4
HIGH TSH

Question 21

hyperthyroidism
how are T4,T3 and TSH levels

Answer 21

HIGH T3 & T4
LOW TSH

Question 22

Excess production of thyroxine results in…

Answer 22

Thyrotoxicosis

Symptoms and signs
* Tachycardia, palpitations
* Weight loss
* Heat intolerance
* Tremor

Question 23

How do we get excess production of thyroxine (Thyrotoxicosis)

Answer 23

Often due to autoimmune
activation of thyroid

Question 24

hypothyroidism

Answer 24

(underactive thyroid)
when thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones

• Coarse Features
• Dry Skin
• Cold
• Slow reflexes
• Slow pulse
• Thyroid hormones (T4 and T3)
  low
• Thyroid stimulating hormone
  (TSH) high

Question 25

Steroid hormones are synthesised from…

Answer 25

Cholesterol

-Tissue specific enzymes
determine final product

Question 26

Example of a steroid hormone

Answer 26

Cortisol

Question 27

Steroid Hormones can affect

Answer 27

Skin
Bone
Teeth
Cardiovascular
Metabolic
Immune system
(anti-inflammatory
effects)

Question 28

Feedback regulation of adrenal function

Answer 28

hypothalamus releases CRH (corticotrophin releasing
hormone)

pituitary releases ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic
hormone)

adrenal releases Cortisol

(CYCLE)

Question 29

Cushing’s Syndrome causes

Answer 29

• overproduction of
  ACTH from pituitary (Cushing’s
  Disease) or CORTISOL
  from adrenal
  (RARE)
• use of steroids to treat
  disease
  (COMMON)
• Typically causes central obesity
• Associated with diabetes and
  hypertension
• Suspect if proximal muscle
  weakness, thin skin, striae, fractures,
  typical appearance

Question 30

What is Addison’s disease

Answer 30

Adrenal Insufficiency

*Prevalence: 1:100 000; presents at any age
*Presents with weight loss, dizzy spells/
collapse, hyperpigmentation

Question 31

Cause of Addison’s disease

Answer 31

autoimmune destruction of adrenal gland
(most commonly)

Question 32

Pineal gland (centre of brain) produces..

Answer 32

Melatonin
(at night)

Question 33

4 Hormones in Menstrual Cycle

Answer 33

FSH
OESTROGEN
LH
PROGESTERONE

Question 34

Excess Growth Hormone results in…

Answer 34

Gigantism
Acromegaly

Question 35

3 unexpected Endocrine Tissues

Answer 35

Stomach
GI Tract
Adipose Tissue

Question 36

Stomach hormone that increases food intake:

Answer 36

Ghrelin

Question 37

What is GLP-1 (Glucagon-like peptide-1)

Answer 37

a gut peptide for treatment of diabetes and obesity

Question 38

GLP-1 is secreted by..

Answer 38

L-cells in duodenum and ileum
- released into the circulation after eating

also produced in the brain (nucleus tractus solitarus)

Question 39

Principle effects of GLP-1 include:

Answer 39

• stimulation of post-prandial (after meal) INSULIN SECRETION (‘incretin effect’) in a glucose-dependent manner
• part of the normal satiety signalling cascade

Appetite regulation:
- decreased appetite
-decreased energy intake

Glucose Regulation:
- increase Insulin
- decrease Glucagon
- decrease Glucose

Question 40

What is Leptin

Answer 40

a hormone from fat that
controls food intake

Question 41

Congenital leptin deficiency causes

Answer 41

severe obesity