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ENDOCRINOLOGY > 4. Hypothalamus and the pituitary > Flashcards

4. Hypothalamus and the pituitary Flashcards

1
Q

name of the structure that connects HYPOTHALAMUS and PITUITARY (POSTERIOR)

A

INFINDIBULUM

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2
Q

what is the HYPOTALAMUS ANATOMICALLY

A

a collection of NEURONS

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3
Q

what is the HYPOTALAMUS PHYSIOLOGICALLY

A

a master CONTROL CENTRE
- orchestrates coordinated responses from brain, endocrine system & autonomic nervous system

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4
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS INPUTS

A
  • BRAIN STEM
  • CEREBREL CORTEX
  • LIMBIC SYSTEM
  • NON-NEURAL INPUT: osmolality, BP, Endocrine feedback
  • SENSORY INPUT: temperature, pain, smell, light
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5
Q

HYPOTALAMUS OUTPUTS

A
  • BRAIN STEM, SPINAL CORD
  • CEREBRAL CONRTEX THALAMUS
  • PITUITARY AND HORMONES
  • AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
    -TEMPERATURE, SLEEP, THIRST, APPETITE
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6
Q

PITUITARY GLAND WEIGHT

A

0.5 GRAMS

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7
Q

what does PITUITARY SIT WITHIN

A

SELLA TURCICA / PITUITARY FOSSA

saddle-shaped depression of the sphenoid bone of the skull

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8
Q

PITUITARY connected to HYPOTHALAMUS via

A

PITUITARY STALK / INFINDIBULUM

BLOOD VESSEL NETWORK (hypothalamo-hypophyseal-portal system)

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9
Q

3 parts of ANTERIOR PITUITARY

A
  • PARS TUBERALIS - surrounds infundibulum
  • PARS INTERMEDIA
  • PARS DISTALIS - full lobe
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10
Q

2 parts of POSTERIOR PITUITARY

A
  • INFUNDIULAR STALK
  • PARS NERVOSA
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11
Q

what is OPTIC CHIASM

A

part of the brain where the optic nerves cross

anterior to & above/superior to PITUITARY

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12
Q

relationship between PITUITARY and OPTIC NERVES

A

2 OPTIC NERVES CROSS ABOVE PITUITARY
(optic chiasm)

therefore pituitary growth can compress and cause visual disturbance

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13
Q

what is around the PITUITARY

A

CAVERNOUS SINUS (right & left)

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14
Q

what does the CAVERNOUS SINUS contain

A
  • CRANIAL NERVES:
    OCULOMOTOR
    TROCHLEAR
    ABDUCENT
    OPTHALAMIC
    MAXILLARY
  • CAROTID ARTERY
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15
Q

CRANIAL NERVES in CAVERNOUS SINUS

A

OCULOMOTOR
TROCHLEAR
ABDUCENT
OPTHALAMIC
MAXILLARY

(can get squashed if lateral growth of pituitary)

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16
Q

what is ANTERIOR PITUITARY DERIVED from (embryology)

A

ECTODERM of RATHKE’S POUCH

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17
Q

what is POSTERIOR PITUITARY DERIVED from (embryology)

A

downward extension of NEURAL ECTODERM from the floor of the DIENCEPHALON

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18
Q

GHRH (Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone)

from HYPOTHALAMUS acts on which PITUITARY CELLS,
which PITUITARY HORMONE is secreted,
to which TARGET GLANDS,
RESULT

A

SOMATOTROPHS

GROWTH HORMONE

BONE, LIVER, ADIPOSE, MUSCLE

IGF-1, GROWTH, METABOLIC FUNCTION

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19
Q

CRH - Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone

from HYPOTHALAMUS acts on which PITUITARY CELLS,
which PITUITARY HORMONE is secreted,
to which TARGET GLANDS,
RESULT

A

CORTICOTROPHS

ACTH - Adrenocorticotrophic hormone

ADRENAL GLAND CORTEX

CORTISOL & ANDROGENS synthesis/release

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20
Q

TRH - Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone

from HYPOTHALAMUS acts on which PITUITARY CELLS,
which PITUITARY HORMONE is secreted,
to which TARGET GLANDS,
RESULT

A

THYROTROPHS

TSH - Thyroid Stimulating hormone

THYROID

THYROID HORMONE T3,T4 synthesis/release

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21
Q

GNRH - Gonadotrophin releasing hormone

from HYPOTHALAMUS acts on which PITUITARY CELLS,
which PITUITARY HORMONE is secreted,
to which TARGET GLANDS,
RESULT

A

GONADOTROPHS

FSH, LH

OVARIES, TESTES

ESTROGEN, PROGESTERONE, TESTOSTERONE
EGG/SPERM production

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22
Q

TRH ?

from HYPOTHALAMUS acts on which PITUITARY CELLS,
which PITUITARY HORMONE is secreted,
to which TARGET GLANDS,
RESULT

A

LACTOTROPHS

PROLACTIN

BREAST

Direct Action, MILK production

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23
Q

what is secreted by HYPOTHALAMUS to INHIBIT GROWTH HORMONE secretion by PITUITARY

A

SOMATOSTATIN

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24
Q

what are PERIPHERAL STIMULUS are GHRH

A

STRESS
EXERCISE
HYPOGLYCAEMIA
MALNOURISHED
SEPSIS

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25
Q

GROWTH HORMONE acts on (4)

A
  • LIVER :
    IGF-1
  • GROWTH PLATE (BONES):
    growth
  • ADIPOSE TISSUE:
    lipolysis
  • MUSCLE:
    less glucose uptake
    more protein synthesis
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26
Q

IGF-1 (INSULIN LIKE GROWTH FACTOR) is secreted by

A

LIVER

STIMULATED BY GROWTH HORMONE

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27
Q

most of the EFFECTS of GH on peripheral tissues is mediated by

A

IGF-1

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28
Q

why is IGF-1 measured in blood samples

A

long half life
stable marker

unlike pulsatile secretion of GH

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29
Q

what is used for DIAGNOSIS of GH ABNORMALITIES

A

PLASMA LEVELS of IGF-1

30
Q

predominant FUNCTION of GH in children

A

LINEAR GROWTH

31
Q

EFFECTS of GH on ADIPOSE TISSUE

A

LIPOLYSIS

32
Q

EFFECTS of GH on MUSCLE

A

DECREASED GLUCOSE UPTAKE

INCREASED PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

33
Q

EFECTS of GH on LIVER

A

release of IGF-1

increased GLUCONEOGENESIS
increased GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS

34
Q

in GROWTH HORMONE REGULATION what is the SHORT LOOP

A

when EXCESS GH

sends NEGATIVE signal to hypothalamus to DECREASE GHRH secretion

decrease GH

35
Q

in GROWTH HORMONE REGULATION what is the LONG LOOP

A

using IGF-1 and FREE FATTY ACIDS (from lipolysis) sends NEGATIVE SIGNAL to hypothalamus

to DECREASE GHRH / INCREASE SOMATOSTATIN so less GH

36
Q

in GROWTH HORMONE REGULATION what is the OPEN NEURAL LOOP

A

when HYPOGLYCAEMIA and uses GHRELIN to send POSITIVE SIGNAL for MORE GHRH

more GH (stress response)

37
Q

EFFECT of PROLACTIN

A

STIMULATES BREASTS to PRODUCE MILK

lactating hormone

38
Q

when are PROLACTIN LEVELS HIGHEST

A

PREGNANCY & POST CHILD-BIRTH in preparation for breast-feeding

39
Q

what STIMULATES RELEASE of PROLACTIN

A

some positive affects of TRH (hypothalamus)

SUCKLING

40
Q

what has INHIBITORY EFFECTS on PROLACTIN release

A

DOPAMINE (hypothalamus)

lack of dopamine = increase prolactin

41
Q

INCREASED PROLACTIN has negative effects on

A

GONADOTROPHINS (sex hormones)

(infertility)

42
Q

CORTISOL STIMULUS

A

STRESS,
SEPSIS,
HYPOGLYCAEMIA,
HYPOTENSION,
SURGERY

43
Q

how is CORTISOL released from ADRENAL CORTEX (zona fasciculata)

A

CRH from HYPOTHALAMUS

ACTH from PITUITARY

44
Q

LOW CORTISOL can be

A

LIFE-THREATENING

45
Q

what does CORTISOL act on

A

BRAIN
HEART
BONE
KIDNEYS
MUSCLE
LIVER
ADIPOSE TISSUE

IMMUNE REGULATORY FUNCTION

46
Q

EFFECTS of CORTISOL on BRAIN

A

COGNITIVE FUNCTION
MEMORY
SLEEP
MOOD

47
Q

EFFECTS of CORTISOL on BONE

A

INHIBITS OSTEOBLASTS

(high cortisol can cause weakening of bones & osteoporosis)

48
Q

EFFECTS of CORTISOL on HEART

A

MAINTAINS BLOOD PRESSURE

INCREASES CARDIOVASCULAR REACTIVITY (to maintain BP)

(low cortisol can cause hypotension)

49
Q

EFFECTS of CORTISOL on KIDNEYS

A

INCREASES GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE

& WATER EXCRETION

50
Q

EFFECTS of CORTISOL on ADIPOSE TISSUE

A

stimulates LIPOLYSIS
- increases free FATTY ACIDS

(excess cortisol, high ffa, toxic)

51
Q

EFFECTS of CORTISOL on MUSCLE

A

INCREASES PROTEIN BREAKDOWN

inhibits protein synthesis

52
Q

EFFECTS of CORTISOL on LIVER

A

INCREASES GLUCOSE LEVELS BY

GLUCONEOGENESIS
GLYCOGENOLYSIS

53
Q

IMMUNE EFFECTS of CORTISOL

A

IMMUNOLOGICAL & INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES

54
Q

when are CORTISOL levels HIGH

A

MORNING (8-9am)

low at night

55
Q

THYROID HORMONE ACTIONS

A

HEART:
INCREASED HEART RATE & CARDIAC OUTPUT

BONE:
INCREASED BONE TURNOVER & RESORPTION

GI:
INCREASED GUT MOTILITY

METABOLIC RATE, BODY WEIGHT REGULATION

promotes GLUCOSE UPTAKE
INCREASES LIPOLYSIS

SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM:
INCREASED CATECHOLAMINE SENSITIVITY

56
Q

FUNCTIONS of GONADAL AXIS in WOMEN

A
  • PUBERTAL CHANGES
  • DEVELOPING SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS
  • MENSTRUAL CYCLE
  • FOLLICULAR GROWTH in ovaries
  • OVULATION
  • FERTILITY
  • BONE MINERALISATION
57
Q

FUNCTIONS of GONADAL AXIS in MEN

A

-PUERTAL CHANGES
- MASCULINITIY
- SEXUAL FUNCTION
- LIBIDO
- ERECTILE FUNCTION
- SPERMATOGENESIS
- BONE MINERALISATION
- MUSCLE STRENGTH
- ENERGY LEVELS

58
Q

HORMONES in POSTERIOR PITUITARY

A

does NOT produce hormones

  • STORES HORMONES from HYPOTHALAMUS
    (neurons travel down from SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEUS and PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS)
59
Q

2 IMPORTANT NUCLEI in HYPOTHALAMUS used for STORAGE of hormones in POSTERIOR PITUITARY

A

SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEUS
PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS

60
Q

2 HYPOTHALAMUS HORMONES STORED in POSTERIOR PITUITARY

A
  • OXYTOCIN
  • VASOPRESSIN
61
Q

VASOPRESSIN aka

A

AVP - Arginine Vasopressin

ADH - Anti-Diuretic Hormone

62
Q

AVP/ADH/VASOPRESSIN acts on

A

KIDNEYS

63
Q

AVP/ADH/VASOPRESSIN on KIDNEYS action

A

CONSERVES BODY WATER
& regulates overall BODY VOLUME STATUS

  • aquaporins REABSORB water
64
Q

when is AVP/ADH/VASOPRESSIN release stimulated

A

REDUCTION IN BODY VOLUME/FLUID

eg dehydration, diarrhoea

65
Q

how is AVP/ADH/VASOPRESSIN stimulated when there is REDUCTION in BODY VOLUME/FLUID

A

-INCREASED plasma OSMOLALITY
(concentration of dissolved particles in your blood/ less water)

  • activates Hypothalamic OSMORECEPTORS / BARORECEPTORS
66
Q

what in the HYPOTHALAMUS detect INCREASED PLASMA OSMOLALITY

A

OSMORECEPTORS & BARORECEPTORS

  • release AVP/ADH
67
Q

LOW AVP/ADH:

A

when too much water in system

more WATER EXCRETION

68
Q

increased PLASMA OSMOLALITY causes

A

THIRST

& AVP for WATER REABSORPTION

69
Q

when is OXYTOCIN (stored in posterior pituitary) useful

A

in CHILD BIRTH and LACTATION

70
Q

what does OXYTOCIN STIMULATE during CHILD BIRTH (PARTURITION)

A

MYOEPITHELIAL CONTRACTIONS in UTERUS

71
Q

what does OXYTOCIN also STIMULATE

(besides contractions in uterus)

A

MILK EJECTION from lactating MAMMARY GLANDS

(suckling major stimulus for release)

ENDOCRINOLOGY (11 decks)

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