2. Anatomy of the Endocrine Organs Flashcards by Ibby Khan

what is a GLAND

a group of cells that synthesise and secrete a substance for biological use

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is an EXOCRINE gland

has a DUCT
-usually secretes into a lumen

(excluding sweat glands)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what is an ENDOCRINE gland

secretes directly into BLOOD STREAM

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where is the HYPOTHALAMUS

below thalamus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

HYPOTHALAMUS is a collection of…

NUCLEI
( neuro nuclei)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are NUCLEI of the hypothalamus

small nerve cells are arranged into FUNCTIONAL GROUPS called nuclei.

each nuclei has a SPECIFIC ROLE
(Thermoregulation, osmoregulation,
satiety, ANS control, etc.)

neuro nucleus is a collection of cell bodies (different to a cellular nucleus)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PITUITARY GLAND is an … gland

ENDOCRINE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PITUITARY GLAND lies in the…

PITUITARY FOSSA of the SKULL

surrounded by BONE for PROTECTION

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PITUITARY GLAND intricately connected to the

HYPOTHALAMUS
- receives instructions from hypothalamus

Posterior Pituitary is a continuation of the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND has different types of

dedicated cells which synthesise and secrete these hormones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

ANTERIOR PITUITARY produces:

PROLACTIN
GROWTH HORMONE
THYROTROPIN
ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE
GONADOTROPINS eg FSH,LH

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

action of PROLACTIN from ANTERIOR PITUITARY

acts on MAMMARY GLANDS

results in MILK PRODUCTION

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

action of GROWTH HORMONE from ANTERIOR PITUITARY

acts on MSK system

results in growth, cell reproduction, regeneration of MSK

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

action of THYROTROPIN from ANTERIOR PITUITARY

acts on THYROID GLAND

results in T3, T4 production

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

action of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN HORMONE from ANTERIOR PITUITARY

Acts on ADRENAL CORTEX (suprarenal glands)

results in CORTISOL production & release

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

action of GONADOTROPINS eg FSH, LH from ANTERIOR PITUITARY

acts on GONADS - OVARIES, TESTES

results in: LH - triggers ovulation / testosterone release

FSH - regulates development, growth etc.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

HYPOTHALAMUS synthesises and secretes … to influence activity of ANTERIOR PITUITARY

RELEASING HORMONES (RH)
- allow release of pituitary hormone

eg, Growth hormone RH - allows release of growth hormone from anterior pituitary,

Prolactin RH
Thyrotropin RH
Gonadotropin RH
Corticotropin RH

INHIBITORY HORMONES (IH)
- inhibit release of pituitary hormones

growth hormone IH (somatostatin)
Prolactin IH (dopamine)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

HYPOTHALAMUS synthesises and secretes … to influence activity of ANTERIOR PITUITARY (2)

RELEASING HORMONES (RH)
- allow release of pituitary hormone

eg, Growth hormone RH - allows release of growth hormone from anterior pituitary,

Prolactin RH
Thyrotropin RH
Gonadotropin RH
Corticotropin RH

INHIBITORY HORMONES (IH)
- inhibit release of pituitary hormones

growth hormone IH (somatostatin)
Prolactin IH (dopamine)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

does POSTERIOR PITUITARY produce hormones

no
POSTERIOR PITUITARY SECRETES,
does NOT PRODUCE hormones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where are POSTERIOR PITUITARY hormones PRODUCED

HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEI
(hypothalamus)

stored in and secreted from posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

2 key HORMONES secreted by POSTERIOR PITUITARY

VASOPRESSIN (aka ADH)
OXYTOCIN

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Function of VASOPRESSIN secreted by POSTERIOR PITUITARY

regulates OSMOTIC PRESSURE in
BLOOD
stimulates WATER UPTAKE in KIDNEY

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Function of OXYTOCIN secreted by POSTERIOR PITUITARY

-helps MILK production and BONDING after birth

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

how does ANTERIOR PITUITARY receive hormones from HYPOTHALAMUS

HYPOPHYSIAL PORTAL SYSTEM

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does the HYPOTHALAMUS control

ANS (autonomic nervous system) & ENDOCRINE system (both are linked) Parasympathetic - pre-optic and anterior hypothalamic area Sympathetic - Posterior & lateral nuclei influence Endocrine - Mostly anterior nuclei influence pituitary activity

Hormones released from THYROID GLAND

T3 (tri-iodothyronine) T4 (metabolism) CALCITONIN (calcium homeostasis, lowers calcium levels when high by reducing uptake by gut and preventing breakdown of bone)

name for 'adam's apple'

LARYNGEAL PROMINANCE

Thyroid Cartilage forms part of

Larynx (above thyroid)

THYROID covers which TRACHEAL RINGS

2nd 3rd 4th

Where is the THYROID GLAND DEVELOPED

in the TONGUE

How does development of THYROID GLAND in the tongue start

ENDODERMAL THICKENING proliferation of cells in tongue so thickening of a region

ENDODERMAL THICKENING burrows through the tongue to form

THYROGLOSSAL DUCT

what happens to THYROGLOSSAL DUCTS

brings thyroid tissue with it, travels down to resting place of thyroid usually regresses and disappears

what is the FORAMEN CAECUM

small depression on the TONGUE which marks where the THYROID GLAND developed - after thyroglossal duct disappears

What can you get when Thyroglossal Duct does not disappear

mucus going down it, can get infected, form THYROGLOSSAL CYST

what do you get when THYROID GLAND does NOT descend during development and remains sitting in tongue

LINGUAL THYROID

What do you get when tissue is left behind as THYROID descends during development

ACCESSORY TISSUE

PARATHYROID GLANDS are embedded in...

tissue of THYROID GLAND (posterior)

How many PARATHYROID GLANDS

4 left superior, left inferior, right superior, right inferior

What hormone is released by the PARATHYROID GLAND and what does it do?

PARATHYROID HORMONE - INCREASES CALCIUM LEVELS in blood if low antagonist to calcitonin

How does PARATHYROID HORMONE INCREASE CALCIUM LEVELS (3)

- help BREAKDOWN BONE (increase OSTEOCLASTIC activity) this releases calcium into blood - Increase CALCIUM UPTAKE from GUT

How does PARATHYROID HORMONE INCREASE CALCIUM LEVELS (3)

- help BREAKDOWN BONE (increase OSTEOCLASTIC activity) this releases calcium into blood - Increase CALCIUM UPTAKE from GUT - act on KIDNEYS to help REABSORB CALCIUM

4 parts of the PANCREAS

HEAD NECK BODY TAIL

pancreas shares blood supply with

duodenum

Is PANCREAS an exocrine or endocrine gland

BOTH EXOCRINE AND ENDOCRINE 95% EXOCRINE 5% ENDOCRINE

5% of PANCREATIC CELLS that are ENDOCRINE are clustered together in islands and known as...

ISLETS OF LANGERHANS

ISLETS OF LANGERHANS in PANCREAS produce HORMONES involved in sugar/salt homeostasis (5):

* GASTRIN: gastric motility & gastric acid secretion * GLUCAGON: blood glucose by causing liver to convert glycogen to glucose (increase blood glucose) * INSULIN: absorption of blood glucose into fat/liver/muscle cells (decrease blood glucose) * SOMATOSTATIN: release of GI/pancreatic hormones (acts on itself) & muscle contractions and rate of gastric emptying * VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE: slow down GI tract smooth muscle relaxation (stomach & GB), gastric secretions/intestinal absorption & dilution of bile/pancreatic juice with water

where are the SUPRARENAL GLANDS

sitting on top of the KIDNEYS both different shapes: right: pyramidal left: semi-lunar

What are the 3 layers of the SUPRARENAL GLANDS

-CAPSULE (thick) - CORTEX (has 3 parts) - MEDULLA

3 parts of the CORTEX of the SUPRARENAL GLANDS and what HORMONES do they secrete

- GLOMERULOSA zone produces mineral cortoicoids eg Aldosterone - FASCICULATA zone produces Glucocorticoids eg Cortisol - RETICULARIS zone produces sex hormones

What does the MEDULLA of the SUPRARENAL GLANDS produce

ADRENALIN

As well as being an Endocrine organ, the KIDNEYS are mainly part of...

the URINARY SYSTEM

FUNCTIONS of the KIDNEYS (3)

- Excrete WASTE products as URINE - manage WATER and ELECTROLYTE balance in body - MAINTAIN ACID-BASE BALANCE of BLOOD

HORMONE released by the KIDNEY and what does it do

ERYTHROPOIETIN (EPO) * Promotes FORMATION of RED BLOOD CELLS by bone marrow (acts on bone) * thus INCREASING BLOOD OXYGEN - higher circulating RBCs elevates blood O2 * EPO can be used to treat anaemia or as performance enhancing drug

What is the name of the hormone system that begins at the KIDNEY

RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAAS)

When does the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAAS) take place

when there's a REDUCTION in RENAL BLOOD (detected by kidneys)

What is the result of the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAAS)

INCREASED BLOOD PRESSURE

what happens in the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAAS) when there is a reduction on Renal Blood

- KINDEY secretes RENIN - inactivated ANGIOTENSINOGEN from LIVER - ANGIOTENSINOGEN I is converted by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME (ACE) in the LUNGS to ANGIOTENSINOGEN II - Angiotensinogen II acts on ADRENAL GLANDS (cortex) - adrenal glands secrete ALDOSTERONE -Aldosterone acts on HEART to INCREASE CARDIAC OUTPUT, ARTERIES for VASOCONSTRICTION KIDNEY for SODIUM and WATER RETENTION therefore INCREASED BLOOD PRESSURE

RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAAS) what is secreted by kidney

RENIN

RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAAS) where does inactive Angiotensinogen come from

LIVER

RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAAS) where is Angiotensinogen I converted to Angiotensinogen II and what by?

LUNGS using ACE - ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME

RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAAS) what does angiotensinogen II act on and what does that release?

ADRENAL GLANDS - ALDOSTERONE

RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (RAAS) how does Aldosterone increase Blood pressure

- acts on HEART to increase cardiac output - Vasoconstriction of Arteries - Sodium and Water retention of kidney