Introcuction To Isak - International Society Of The Advancement Of Kinanthropometry

Question 1

State what it is meant by the key term - anthropometry

Answer 1

Involves the systematic measurement of the physical properties of the human body, primarily dimensional descriptors of body size and shape

Question 2

State what it is meant by the key term - kinanthropometry

Answer 2

The study of human size, shape, proportion, composition, maturation and growth function, in order to understand growth, exercise, performance and nutrition

Question 3

State 5 uses of anthropometry

Answer 3

1. Ergonomics
2. Health applications
3. Talent identification
4. Growth perspective
5. Basal body measurements

Question 4

State the 6 common methods of body composition measurements in sport

Answer 4

1. Skin fold assessment
2. Bioelectrical impedance analysis
3. Underwater weighing
4. Air displacement plethysmography
5. Duel energy x-ray absorptiometry
6. Ultrasound

Question 5

State the cost, technical skill, accuracy, reliability, subject comfort, regional assessment and time required for: skin fold assessment

Answer 5

1. Low
2. Medium
3. Medium
4. High
5. Body touched by practitioner
6. Yes
7. < 10 mins

Question 6

State the cost, technical skill, accuracy, reliability, subject comfort, regional assessment and time required for: bioelectrical impedance analysis

Answer 6

1. Moderate
2. Low
3. Low
4. Low
5. Non-invasive
6. Yes, but invalid
7. < 5 mins

Question 7

State the cost, technical skill, accuracy, reliability, subject comfort, regional assessment and time required for: underwater weighing

Answer 7

1. High
2. High
3. Medium
4. High
5. Full water submission
6. No
7. 10-20 mins

Question 8

State the cost, technical skill, accuracy, reliability, subject comfort, regional assessment and time required for: air displacement plethysmography

Answer 8

1. High
2. High
3. Medium
4. High
5. May involve sitting in small places
6. No
7. < 10 mins

Question 9

State the cost, technical skill, accuracy, reliability, subject comfort, regional assessment and time required for: dual energy x-ray absorptiometry

Answer 9

1. High
2. High
3. Medium
4. High
5. Non-invasive
6. Yes
7. < 10 min

Question 10

State the cost, technical skill, accuracy, reliability, subject comfort, regional assessment and time required for: ultrasound

Answer 10

1. Very high
2. High
3. High
4. Medium
5. Body touched with devise
6. Yes
7. < 10 min

Question 11

State the common causes of error for: skin fold assessment

Answer 11

1. Formula used
2. inconsistent site locations
3. Population-specific predicted equation

Question 12

State the common causes of error for: bioelectrical impedance analysis

Answer 12

1. Hydration status
2. Body temperature
3. Recent exercise
4. Food intake

Question 13

State the common causes of error for: underwater weighing

Answer 13

1. Fat free mass fluctuations

2. Air in lungs

Question 14

State the common causes of error for: air displacement plethysmography

Answer 14

1. Moisture on the skin
2. Hydration status
3. Inconsistent clothing
4. Breathing patterns

Question 15

State the common causes of error for: dual energy x-ray absorptiometry

Answer 15

1. Muscle glycogen stores
2. Inconsistent clothing
3. Changes in technology and software

Question 16

State the common causes of error for: ultrasound

Answer 16

1. Inconsistent site locations
2. Technician inexperience
3. Inconsistent interpretation

Question 17

State the two step procedure of how skin fold assessment works

Answer 17

1. Tester pinches skin with thumb and forefinger, pulling skin away from the body slightly, and places a set of callipers on the skin fold
2. Measured skin fold thickness is entered into an equation to estimate their body fat percentage

Question 18

State 4 pros of using skin fold assessment

Answer 18

1. Inexpensive
2. Fast procedure
3. Safe and portable
4. No advanced technology required
5. Regional body composition assessment
6. High reliability if the tester is consistent over time

Question 19

State 4 cons of using skin fold assessment

Answer 19

1. Validity (accuracy) is poor and population specific
2. Tester expertise is required
3. Some callipers too small to use on larger subjects
4. Measures only subcutaneous fat
5. Prediction equations may only be valid in populations in which they derived from
6. Comfort: may feel uncomfortable stripping to bare skin in front of tester

Question 20

In July 1996, ISAK developed both:

Answer 20

1. International standards for anthropometric assessment

2. International anthropometry accreditation scheme (IASS)

Question 21

The IASS is based on this 4 level hierarchy:

Answer 21

1. Level 1 - technician, restricted profile
2. Level 2 - technician, full profile
3. Level 3 - instructor
4. Level 4 - criterion

Question 22

Basic anatomy (3 points):

Answer 22

1. Essential for accurate identification of bony landmarks used to locate measurement sites
2. Anatomical landmarks are bony sites, palpated and where can be marked
3. Standardised position = anatomical position

Question 23

4 steps in land marking;

Answer 23

1. Palpate the bone required
2. Locate with the left thumb
3. Mark the landmark with a pen
4. Re-identify the landmark and check

Question 24

Errors (4) in skin fold measurement:

Answer 24

1. Difficult in landmark identity in obese populations
2. Technical restrictions of calliper jaw width
3. Greater variation in skin fold compressibility
4. Inter-observer error of measurement higher in obese populations

Question 25

State 4 ways to reduce error in composition assessments:

Answer 25

1. Chose other methods in obese populations
2. Timing of tests
3. Clothing
4. Pre test training/eating/drinking
5. Calibration of equipment
6. Use of callipers and time to take measurements standardised