Intro Urinalysis Flashcards
References to the study of urine
can be found in the drawings of
cavemen and in Egyptian
hieroglyphics.
Edwin smith surgical papyrus
5th century BC wrote a
book on “uroscopy.”
Hippocrates
Father of medicine
Hippocrates
1140 AD, color charts had
been developed that
described the significance
of ____ different colors
20
Pictures of early physicians
commonly showed them
examining a bladder-shaped
flask of urine
S-shaped
flask
Who discovered albuminuria by boiling urine.
Frederik dekkers
charlatans, called “pisse prophets,” became the subject of a book published by
Thomas bryant
Charlatans also called as
Pisse prophets
invention of the
microscope
17th century
methods for quantitating
the microscopic sediment
Thomas adidas
concept of urinalysis as part of a
doctor’s routine patient
examination.
Richard bright
urinalysis began to
disappear from routine
examinations.
1930
is the only organ with such a noninvasive means by which to
directly evaluate its status
Kidney
is an ULTRAFILTRATE of plasma
Urine
is a readily available and easily collected specimen
Urine
contains information, which can be obtained by inexpensive laboratory
tests
Urine
According to_______, urinalysis define as “the testing of urine with procedures commonly performed in an expeditious, reliable, accurate, safe, and cost- effective manner”
CLSI
Reasons for performing urinalysis
Aiding diagnosis
Screening asymptomatic population
Monitoring process
Effectiveness of theraphy
urine formation converts approximately __________
mL of filtered plasma to the
average daily urine output of
1200 mL.
170,000 mL
Urine formation converts approximately 170,000 mL of filtered plasma to the
average daily urine output of
_________ mL.
1200 mL
Composed of four main
components: urinary system
Kidney
Ureter
Urethra
Bladder
where urine is
formed by FILTRATION
of blood
Kidney
carry the
urine to the bladder
Ureter
stores the
urine produced
Bladder
delivers the
urine for EXCRETION.
Urethra
delivers the
urine for EXCRETION.
Urethra
the outer layer of the kidney, located just below the
renal capsule.
Cortex
regions of the cortex
Renal column
innermost part of the kidney.
Medulla
The renal medulla is split up into a number of sections,
known as the
Renal pyramids
the funnel-like dilated part of the ureter in the
kidney.
Renal pelvis
The functional unit of the kidney
Nephron
Nephron Approx _________ million each kidney
1 to 1.5
Responsible for removal of waste
products & reabsorption
Corticol nephron
Primary function is concentration of the
urine
Juxtamedullary nephron
PARTS OF NEPHRON
- Glomerulus (Renal Corpuscle)
- Bowman’s Capsule
- Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
- Loop of Henle (descending/ ascending)
- Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
- Afferent arteriole -
- Efferent arteriole -
- Peritubular capillaries -
- Vasa recta -
consists of a coil of approx. eight capillary lobes
Glomerelus
Forms the beginning of the renal tubule.
Browman’s capsule
Near bowman’s capsule.
Proximal convoluted tubule
The area where the concentration or osmotic gradient (exchange of water and salt) takes
Loop of henle
Downward
Descending loop of henle
Upward
Ascending loop of henle
point of entry (UNFILTERD BLOOD)
Afferent arteriole
point of exit (FILTERED BLOOD)
Efferent arteriole
surround the proximal and
distal convoluted tubules
Peritubular capillaries
located adjacent to the ascending and
descending loop of Henle
Vasa recta
Major organic component, Product of protein and amino acid metabolism
Urea
Product of creatine metabolism by muscles
Creatinine
common component in kidney stones; derived from catabolism of
nucleic acid in food.
Uric acid
Benzoic acid is eliminated in this form, increases with high
vegetable diet
Hippuric acid
Organic component
Urea
Creatinine
Uric acid
Hippuric acid
Carbohydrate
Pigment
Fatty acid
Enzymes
Primary inorganic component. Found in combination with sodium
(table salt) and many other inorganic substances
Chloride
Primarily from salt, varies by intake
Sodium
Combined with chloride and other salts
Potassium
Derived from amino acids
Sulfate
Combines with sodium to buffer the blood
Phosphate
Regulates blood and tissue fluid acidity
Ammonium
Combines with chloride, sulfate, and phosphate
Calcium
Inorganic components
Chloride
Sodium
Potassium
Sulfate
Phosphate
Ammonium
Calcium
concentrations of ______, __________ and ________ are
significantly higher in urine than in other body fluids.
Urea
Sodium
Chloride
The single most useful substance that identifies a fluid as urine is
its uniquely
High creatinine concentration
Normal daily urine output: range
1200-1500mL
Normal daily urine output: normal
600-2000 mL
Decrease in urine output
Oliguria
Oliguria
Infant
Adult
Children
Infant: 1ml
Adult: 400 ml
Child: 0.5ml
Cessation of urine flow result from any serious damage to the kidney or
decrease flow of blood to the kidney
Anuria
Normally, kidneys excrete 2 or 3 times more urine during the night
Nocturia
Increase nocturnal excretion of urine
Nocturia
Increase in day urine volume
Polyuria
Polynuria
Adult:
Child
Adult: Greater than 2.5 L/ day
Child: >2.5-3 mL
Associated with Diabetes mellitus and Diabetes Insipidus
Polyuria
Polyuria artificially induced by _______, _____ and _____
Diuretics
Caffeine
Alcohol
Caused by defect in production of insulin or
its function resulting in increase in body
glucose concentration
Diabetes mellitus polyuria
Diabetes mellitus polyuria Caused by defect in production of ________ or
its function resulting in increase in body
glucose concentration
insulin
Diabetes mellitus polyuria Presence of dilute urine with ________ specific
gravity.
(high or low)
High
Decrease in production or function of ADH
(antidiuretic hormone)
Diabetes insipidus polyuria
Diabetes insipidus Decrease in production or function of __________
ADH
(antidiuretic hormone)
Diabetes insipidus polyuria urine of dilute urine with ________ specific
gravity.
(high or low)
Low
Diabetes mellitus polyuria and diabetes insipidus polyuria Compensated with
Polydipsia
