Intro. to Virology

Question 1

Only eradicated animal virus

Answer 1

Rinderpest

Question 2

zoonosis

Answer 2

infectious diseases transmitted from animals to humans

Question 3

virology

Answer 3

the study of viruses and viral diseases

Question 4

virologist

Answer 4

someone who studies viruses

Question 5

viruses - living or non living

Answer 5

non living

Question 6

virus

Answer 6

nucleic acid genome surrounded by a protein coat and in some cases, other layers of material, such as a lipid envelope. They do no possess standard cellular organelles. They cannot make proteins by themselves. All are obligate intracellular organisms.

Question 7

viron

Answer 7

a complete virus particle that consists of an RNA or DNA core with a protein coat sometimes with external envelopes and is the extracellular infective form of a virus

Question 8

viroid

Answer 8

an infectious particle smaller than any of the known viruses, an agent of certain plant diseases. Consists only of an extremely small circular RNA molecule, lacks protein coat

Question 9

Edward Jenner

Answer 9

inoculated some “cowpox matter” repeatedly into healthy boy who became immune. First vaccine!

Question 10

Louis Pasteur

Answer 10

injected dried, potassium hydroxide treated, infected rabbit brain into boys bitten by rabid dogs, both recovered.

Question 11

Charles Chamberland

Answer 11

invented a filter that has pores smaller than bacteria (viruses fit through)

Question 12

Martinus Beljerinck

Answer 12

used the chamberland filter to filter virus, filtered material caused disease, material remaining in filter did not cause disease.

Question 13

Friedrich Loeffler and Paul Frosch

Answer 13

passed the first animal virus through chamberland filter—- foot and mouth disease

Question 14

Dr. Walter Reed

Answer 14

discovered that yellow fever was spread via mosquito

Question 15

Peyton Rous

Answer 15

isolated first tumor-causing animal virus

Question 16

Woodruff, Goodpasture, and Burnet

Answer 16

reported propagating fowlpox virus in embryonated hen’s eggs

Question 17

smallest virus

Answer 17

porcine circovirus type 1 (17nm)

parvoviruses (18-22nm)

Question 18

largest virus

Answer 18

pandoravirus (400nm)- plants

poxvirus (200nm)- animals

Question 19

pleomorphism

Answer 19

ability of some viruses to alter their shape or size

Question 20

what virus class has a double layered capsid

Answer 20

Reotoviruses

Question 21

helical symmetry

Answer 21

capsomeres and nucleic acids are wound together to form a helical or spiral tube

Question 22

naked helical virus

Answer 22

just the helical capsid

Question 23

enveloped helical virus

Answer 23

enclosed helix in an envelope

Question 24

cubic/icosahedral symmetry: what are the components

Answer 24

solid with 12 corners (verces, fixed number), 20 facets (equilateral triangle faces, this number can change), and 30 edges

Question 25

triangulation number and equation

Answer 25

relation between the number of pentagons and hexagons of the icosahedron
T=h^2 + h * k + k^2

Question 26

complex symmetry

Answer 26

virions are composed of several parts, each with separate shapes and symmetries, such as Poxviruses and Bacterial viruses (bacteriophage) also contain icosahedral heads and helical tails

Question 27

enveloped viruses

Answer 27

viruses surrounded by a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins. these are less stable in the environment

Question 28

two types of viral proteins found within the envelope

Answer 28

glycoproteins

matrix protein

Question 29

external glycoproteins

Answer 29

anchored in the envelope, major antigens of the virus and involved in hemagglutination, receptor binding, antigenicity, and membrane fusion

Question 30

channel proteins

Answer 30

hydrophobic proteins that form a protein lined channel through the envelope. alters permeability of the membrane

Question 31

matrix protein

Answer 31

link the internal nucleocapsid to the lipid membrane envelope, role in virus assembly, recognition site of nucleocapsid at the plasma membrane

Question 32

positive sense RNA virus

Answer 32

infectious genome: 5’–>3’, similar to mRNA

Question 33

negative sense RNA virus

Answer 33

noninfectious genome: 3’–>5’, complementary to mRNA

Question 34

antigenic drift

Answer 34

minor changes, virus may become resistant to antiviral drugs, change in antigenicity

Question 35

antigenic shift

Answer 35

huge changes, whole viral genome can change

Question 36

recombination

Answer 36

two viruses infect the same cell, they are mixed together taking one part of one and another of the other. Non-segmented genome

Question 37

reassortment

Answer 37

important for high genetic diversity in viruses with segmented genomes. Two viruses become very mixed together.

Question 38

lysins

Answer 38

hydrolytic enzymes produced by bacteriophages to cleave the host cell wall

Question 39

retroviral interase (IN)

Answer 39

enzyme produced by a retrovirus (such as HIV) that enables its genetic material to be integrated into the DNA of the infected cell

Question 40

reverse transcriptase (RT)

Answer 40

enzyme used to generate complementary DNA (cDNA) from a RNA template

Question 41

nucleic acid polymerases

Answer 41

viral genome replication

Question 42

neuraminidases

Answer 42

enzymes that cleave glycoside bonds and allow release of viruses from the host cell

Question 43

incomplete virion

Answer 43

virion without nucleic acid (empty capsid)

Question 44

defective virion

Answer 44

a virus that cannot replicate because it lacks a full copy of viral genes. Can replicate with help

Question 45

DIP (defective interfering particles)

Answer 45

when the defective viruses can not replicate, but can interfere with other congeneric mature virion entering the cells

Question 46

pseudovirion

Answer 46

contains non-viral genome within the viral capsid. Host nucleic acid.

Question 47

pseudotypes

Answer 47

when related viruses infect the same cell, the genome of one virus may be enclosed in heterologulus capsid of the second virus