Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Virology@RUSVM > Host-Pathogen Interactions > Flashcards

Host-Pathogen Interactions Flashcards

1
Q

pathogenicity

A

the ability of a virus to cause disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

pathogenesis

A

manner/mechanism of development of a disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

virulence

A

quantitative or relative measure of the degree of pathogenicity. depends on both the host and the virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

lethal dose 50

A

the dose of the virus required to cause death in 50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

infectious dose 50

A

the dose of the virus that will infect 50% of an experimental group of hosts/animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ID50:LD50 ratio

A

ratio of the dose of a particular strain of virus that causes infection in 50% to the dose that kills 50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the lower the ID50 and LD50…… the _______virulent

A

more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

incubation period

A

from the time infected to the time where you see clinical signs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

sequential steps of viral infection (5 steps)

A

entry of virus & primary replication; spread, tropism, & infection of target organs; virus-cell interactions; tissue & organ injury; shedding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

skin defenses

A

keratin, low pH, fatty acids, bacterial flora, dryness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

mucous membrane defenses

A

IgA, virucidal proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

GI tract defenses

A

mucous membranes, acidity of stomach, alkalinity of intestine, lipolytic activity of bile, proteolytic activity of pancreatic enzymes, defensins, IgA, macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

respiratory tract defenses

A

mucocilliary blanket, alveolar macrophages, NALT, BALT, temperature gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

disseminated infection

A

infection spreads beyond the primary site of infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

systemic infection

A

if a number of organs or tissues are infected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

apical release of virus

A

facilitates virus dispersal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

basolateral release

A

provides access to underlying tissue, facilitates systemic release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

viremia

A

the presence of a virus in the blood. may be free in the blood or in a cell in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

passive viremia

A

direct inoculation of the virus into the blood. bite of arthropod, infected syringe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

primary viremia

A

initial entry of virus into the blood after infection (1st time virus in the blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

secondary viremia

A

virus has replicated in major organs and once more has entered the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

active viremia

A

viremia following initial virus replication in host. release of virions from the initial site of replication.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

virus interaction with macrophages (5 things can happen)

A

1- virions are phagocytosed
2- virions replicate inside macrophage, activate macrophages
3- tissue invasion (trojan horse)
4- phagocytosed and transfered to adjacent cells
5- failure to phagocytose, prolonged viremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

virus spread/interaction with endothelial cells

A

fenestrae (small pores), trafficking lymphocytes or monocytes, transcytosis (vesicular transport), replication in endothelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

neurotropic virus

A

viruses that can infect neural cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

neuroinvasive virus

A

viruses that can ender the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

neurovirulent virus

A

viruses that cause disease of nervous tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Herpes simplex virus (neuroinvasiveness, neurovirulence)

A

low neuroinvasiveness

high neurovirulence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Mumps virus (neuroinvasiveness, neurovirulence)

A

high neuroinvasiveness

low neurovirulence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Rabies virus (neuroinvasiveness, neurovirulence)

A

high neuroinvasiveness

high neurovirulence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

neural spread of viruses (transport)

A

via axons, perineural lymphatics, endoneural space, schwann cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

retrograde spread

A

virus travels opposite direction of nerve impulse flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

anterograde spread

A

travel in the same direction as nerve impulses

34
Q

centripetal movement of virus

A

towards the CNS/brain

35
Q

centrifugal movement of virus

A

from the CNS to other body locations

36
Q

spread of viruses to the CNS via…

A

olfactory routes

blood-brain barrier

37
Q

acute infection

A

usually intensive shedding over a short period of time

38
Q

persistent infection

A

shed at lower titers for months to years

39
Q

tropism

A

the specificity/affinity of a virus for a particular host tissue

40
Q

pantropic virus

A

can replicate in more than one host organ/tissue

41
Q

what determines viral tropism

A

receptors on host cells, viral attachment proteins, viral enhancers, cell proteases, temperature, acid lability, transcriptional control of tropism, anatomic barriers, host organ response

42
Q

rash

A

general term applied to any temporary eruption on the skin

43
Q

vesicles

A

fluid filled cavities

44
Q

ulcer

A

raw opening in skin due to sluffing of necrotic tissue

45
Q

nodules

A

growths

46
Q

warts

A

benign skin growths (papillomavirus)

47
Q

papules

A

seen in papular stomatitis in cattle

48
Q

erythema

A

reddening of the skin (hog cholera)

49
Q

DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)

A

complication arising from viral infection of blood vessels. wide spread activation of the clotting cascade that results in the formulation of blood clots in small vessels in the body.

50
Q

teratogenesis

A

abnormal development or arrest in development of the embryo or fetus

51
Q

porencephaly

A

holes in the brain

52
Q

BVDV in cattle

A

cow infected within 2-4mo after conception: calf infected with virus for life

53
Q

viral-infected immunopathology

A

tissue injury mediated by host immune response to virus infection. the price paid by the host to clear viral infection

54
Q

cytokines

A

broad and loose category of small proteins that are important in cell signaling. act as mediators and regulators of immune processes but also cause inflammation

55
Q

monokines

A

cytokines produced by a mononuclear phagocytic cell

56
Q

lymphokines

A

cytokines produced by activation lymphocytes (Th cells)

57
Q

interleukins

A

cytokines that act as mediators between leukocytes

58
Q

infectious bursal disease

A

virus replication causes atrophy of the bursa and a severe deficiency of B lymphocytes resulting in immunosuppression

59
Q

inapparent viral infection

A

clinical signs an symptoms are not evident, too few cells may be infected, stimulate host immune response, possible source of virus spread

60
Q

acute viral infection

A

short term infection, rapid clearance from the immune response

61
Q

persistent viral infection

A

infectious virus is demonstrable continuously, whether or not there is ongoing disease

62
Q

latent viral infection

A

infectious virus is not demonstrable except when reactivation occurs. ex. Herpesvirus

63
Q

chronic viral infection

A

virus is continuously shed from or is present in infected tissue. ex. foot and mouth disease

64
Q

slow intention

A

prolonged incubation period, lasting months or years

65
Q

cytocidal effects

A

lysis & apoptosis

66
Q

non-cytocidal effects

A

persistent infection

67
Q

cell transformation effects

A

tumor cell formation

68
Q

cytopathic/cytopathogenic effects

A

damage or morphological changes to host cells during virus invasion

69
Q

pyknosis

A

degenerative condition of a cell nucleus marked by clumping of the chromosomes, hyperchromatism, and shrinking of the nucleus.

70
Q

cell fusion (syncytium or polykaryon formation)

A

fusion of the plasma membranes of four or more cells to produce an enlarged cell with 4+ nuclei. prone to premature death

71
Q

inclusion bodies

A

abnormal structures in a cel nucleus or cytoplasm or both, such as aggregates of proteins, having characteristic staining properties and associated with certain viral infections

72
Q

negri bodies

A

ribonuclear proteins produced by the rabies virus

73
Q

owl’s eye inclusion bodies

A

seen in herpesviruses

74
Q

adenovirus inclusion bodies

A

crystalline aggregates of virions in adenovirus infections

75
Q

acidophillic staining

A

recognize/affinity for acid dyes, such as eosin. appear pinkish upon staining

76
Q

basophillic staining

A

recognize/affinity for basic dyes, such as hematoxylin. appear purple-blue upon staining

77
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death. a mechanism of cell suicide that the host activates as a last resort to eliminate viral factors before progeny virus production occurs

78
Q

intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway

A

activated as a result of increased permeability of mitochondrial membranes subsequent to cell injury, such as that associated with a viral infection

79
Q

extrinsic (death receptor) pathway

A

activated by engagement of specific cell-membrane receptors, which are members of the TNF receptor family. thus binding of the cytokine TNF to its cellular receptor can trigger apoptosis

80
Q

ADCC

A

1- antibody binds Ag to surface of target cell
2- Fc receptor on NK cell recognized bound Ab
3- cross-linked Fc receptors signals the NK cell to kill the target cell
4- target cell dies by apoptosis

Virology@RUSVM (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions