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Virology@RUSVM > Epidemiology of Viral Diseases > Flashcards

Epidemiology of Viral Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

viral epidemiology

A

study of determinants, frequency, dynamics and distribution of viral disease in a population

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2
Q

risk of infection and/or disease is determined by

A

characteristics of the virus
the host/host population
behavioral, environmental, and ecological factors

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3
Q

infectious disease triangle components

A

host
pathogen
environment

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4
Q

case fatality rate

A 
the number (%) of deaths among the clinically ill animals
(number of dead) / (number of sick)
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5
Q

mortality rate

A 
the number (%) of animals in a population that die from a particular disease over a specified period of time
(number of dead) / (total population)
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6
Q

morbidity rate

A

the percentage of animals in a population that develop clinical signs attributable to a particular virus over a defined period of time

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7
Q

incidence rate / attack rate

A

the number of new cases that occur in a population over a specified period of time
(number of cases * 10^n) / (population at risk)

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8
Q

prevalence

A

the number of occurrences of disease [old and new cases], infection, or related attributes [antibodies] in a population, at a particular point in time
(number of cases * 10^n) / (population at risk)

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9
Q

sporadic viral disease

A

viral disease occurring occasionally, singly, or in scattered instances, and in irregular and haphazard manner

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10
Q

enzootic viral disease

A

the constant presence of a viral disease within a given geographic area or population group

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11
Q

epizootic viral disease

A

the occurrence of more cases of viral diseases than expected in a given area or among a specific group of animals over a particular period of time

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12
Q

panzootic viral disease

A

a virus epidemic occurring over a very wide area (several countries or continents) and usually affecting a large proportion of the population

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13
Q

carrier

A

animals that have controlled an infectious viral disease, but display no clinical symptoms

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14
Q

incubatory(acute) carrier

A

animals that shed virus during the incubation period of the disease

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15
Q

convalescent(chronic) carrier

A

animals that shed virus during recovery from disease

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16
Q

inappropriate carrier

A

carrier state may exist in an animal with an infection that is inapparent throughout its course. most deadly

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17
Q

contagious disease

A

a disease that is spread from one person or organism to another via direct or indirect contact

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18
Q

period of contagiousness

A

refers to the time during which an infected animal sheds a virus

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19
Q

exotic disease

A

a disease not known to occur in a particular country or geographical area. no previous history

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20
Q

reservoir

A

the habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives, grows and multiplies; can include human, animal, and environment

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21
Q

surveillance

A

the systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data on an ongoing basis, to gain knowledge of the pattern of diseases occurrence and potential in a community, in order to control and prevent disease in the community

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22
Q

seroepidemiology

A

use of serological data as the basis of epidemiological investigation, as determined by diagnostic serological techniques

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23
Q

molecular epidemiology of viruses

A

use of molecular biological data as the basis or epidemiological investigation of viral diseases

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24
Q

horizontal (lateral) transmission

A

spread of an infectious agent from one animal or group to another animal or group

25
Q

contact transmission

A

spread of infectious agent by direct or indirect contact

26
Q

direct contact transmission

A

physical contact between infectious animal and a susceptible animal (licking, biting, touching, sexual contact, droplet)

27
Q

droplet

A

transmission of virus in droplet nuclei (saliva or mucus) that travel less than 1 meter form the source to susceptible host

28
Q

indirect contact transmission

A

occurs via fomites, such as shared eating containers, bedding, dander, etc. air-borne is considered indirect as well

29
Q

fomite

A

inanimate object or substance that is contaminated with the infectious agent and is capable of transmitting the infectious organisms from one individual to another

30
Q

air-borne transmission

A

spread of infectious agent by droplet nuclei in dust that travel more than one meter from infected to susceptible host, droplets are small

31
Q

vector/ arthropod-borne transmission

A

arthropods carry the viruses from the infected host to susceptible host

32
Q

mechanical vector transmission

A

passive transport of the infectious agent on the feet or other body parts of the arthropod vector
ex. mosquitos for fowlpox

33
Q

biological vector transmission

A

infectious agent undergoes either a necessary part of its life cycle, or multiplication, in the vector before transmission to susceptible host

34
Q

extrinsic incubation period

A

time inside arthropod vector where replication of infectious agent occurs in gut and it moves to the salivary gland (takes several days)

35
Q

overwintering

A

survival of the virus from one ‘vector season’ to the next (period during which arthropods hibernate)

36
Q

transovarial transmission

A

the virus is transmitted from mother insect to infected eggs (to the next generation)

37
Q

trans-stadial transmission

A

the virus is transmitted from larva or nymph to next stage of development (nmyph or adult). the virus matures with the insect

38
Q

arboviruses

A

class of viruses transmitted to humans by arthropods such as mosquitoes and ticks. maintained in complex life cycles involving nonhuman primates/vertebrate hosts and primary arthropod vectors

39
Q

enzootic cycle (sylvatic or jungle cycle)

A

the natural transmission of virus between wild animals/birds (vertebrate hosts) and insect vectors

40
Q

epizootic cycle (rural cycle)

A

the virus is transmitted between non-wild or domestic animals and the primary or accessory insect vectors

41
Q

urban cycle

A

the virus cycles between humans and insect vectors

42
Q

amplifying host

A

the level of virus can become high enough that an insect vector such as a mosquito that feeds on it will probably become infectious

43
Q

dead-ended host/ incidental host

A

a host form which infectious agents are not transmitted to other susceptible hosts. cannot be picked up by insect

44
Q

bridge vector

A

an arthropod that acquires virus from an infected wild animal and subsequently transmits the agents to humans by secondary host

45
Q

common-vehicle transmission

A

includes fecal contamination of food and water, meat or bone products, etc.

46
Q

iatrogenic transmission

A

infection that is transferred during medical or surgical practice. can happen by introduction of contaminated instruments, or contaminated prophylactic or therapeutic preparations

47
Q

nosocomial transmission

A

occurs while an animal is in a vet hospital or clinic. also known as hospital acquired infection

48
Q

vertical transmission

A

infection transfered from dam to offspring/embryo

can cause early embryonic death/abortion

49
Q

zoonotic transmission

A

describes infection that is transmitted from animals to humans

50
Q

host factors

A

species, immunity, expression of critical receptors, host physiological factors, interferons, fever

51
Q

virus factors

A

evolution/selection pressure, mechanism of genetic diversity, transmission efficiency, portal of entry, tropism, dose of infection, immune evasion

52
Q

environmental factors

A

vegetation, deforestation, overcrowding, poor ventilation, stress, diet, level of hygiene, vector and reservoir

53
Q

herd immunity

A

occurs when the vaccination of a significant portion of a herd provides immunity/protection for individuals who have not developed immunity

54
Q

incubation period

A

refers to the interval between infection and onset of clinical signs

55
Q

prodromal period

A

the first signs and feelings of illness after incubation period. just before appearance of characteristic symptoms of the disease

56
Q

acute period

A

when the disease is at its height. severe clinical signs

57
Q

decline period

A

period when clinical signs begin to subside

58
Q

convalescent period

A

the body gradually returns to its pre-diseased state, and health is restored

Virology@RUSVM (11 decks)

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