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Optometric Practice I > Intro to US Healthcare System > Flashcards

Intro to US Healthcare System Flashcards

1
Q

Our current health care system is one of the most ___ in the world

A

technologically advanced

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2
Q

T/F US is one of the most expensive healthcare systems

A

true

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3
Q

Due to attempts at reform, the US healthcare system is in a ___

A

state of flux

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4
Q

USA is #1 in ___

A

heath innovation/published research

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5
Q

USA falls short when it comes to ____ vs _____

A

life expectancy vs health expenditure

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6
Q

T/F spending more money=living longer

A

trick question, true but only until a certain point

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7
Q

How much of the GDP does the US spend on health?

A

16%

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8
Q

Who spends the most on healthcare in the world?

A

The US

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9
Q

What is the public expenditure component of total healthcare?

A

Very low in the US, we spend the most but government invests the least

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10
Q

What are two examples of socialized health systems in the US?

A

Medicare and the VA

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11
Q

What is the largest socialized health system in the world?

A

the VA

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12
Q

How does the US compare worldwide with insurance coverage?

A

“decent but not the best”

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13
Q

What 3 factors effected the evolution of US healthcare?

A

growth in population, industrialization, and public health concerns

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14
Q

What is the US healthcare system captured by?

A

cost

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15
Q

What are characteristics of the healthcare system?

A

no central governing agency, technology driven, focused on acute care, high cost, unequal in access, governed by market conditions and population needs

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16
Q

What are the two characteristics of conflict in care?

A

Market justice and social justice

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17
Q

What is market justice?

A

places the responsibility for fair distribution of services on the market forces in a free economy and accounts for an individual’s willingness and ability to pay

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18
Q

What is social justice?

A

emphasizes the well-being of the community over that of the individual and population’s need, not ability to pay

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19
Q

Where do demand and supply meet?

A

equilibrium

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20
Q

“Consumers decided how much to purchase based on their perception of the value they expect to receive and how much they have to pay for it” describes what concept?

A

customer preferences

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21
Q

“Expenditure on one good means forgoing other goods and services” describes what concept?

A

opportunity cost

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22
Q

What is the free market?

A

goods and services are allocated through transactions based on mutual consent; no one is forced to buy from a particular supplier or at all

23
Q

How do consumers communicate their desires for (and value of ) goods and services?

A

through their expenditures

24
Q

How is healthcare different than a free market?

A

healthcare is credence good that depends on mutual trust between doctor and patient

25
Q

Why does healthcare depend on trust for the patient?

A

the patient lacks information and cannot judge the need for particular treatments, thus they have to take the advice of their doctor

26
Q

Define social justice in healthcare

A

the equitable distribution of health care is a societal responsibility; health care is a social good

27
Q

What is rationed in social justice healthcare?

A

planned rationing– supply side

28
Q

What is rationed in market justice healthcare?

A

demand side rationing– price

29
Q

Define market justice in healthcare

A

market forces in a free economy can best achieve a fair distribution of health care; health care is an economic good

30
Q

Social justice emphasizes…

A

the well-being of the community over that of the individual

31
Q

Market justice places responsibility for the fair distribution of healthcare on

A

the market forces in a free economy

32
Q

What concept: interfering with market forces in a free economy would be considered unjust

A

market justice

33
Q

What concept: inability to obtain medical services because of lack of financial resources would be considered unjust

A

social justice

34
Q

What is lost in health care?

A

personal volition

35
Q

What people does the medical industry exist almost entirely to serve?

A

people who have been rendered incapable of representing their own interests in an adversarial transaction

36
Q

What does an insurance funded medical system mean

A

abandoning an unregulated free market for health care

37
Q

What does the insurer-model create?

A

a three party managed market

38
Q

What does the patient surrender in an insurance model?

A

their buying power and much of their discretion to an entity whose interests are not aligned with their own

39
Q

What is a reason for high spending?

A

paying less than full price leads to over-consumption

40
Q

What is the purpose for a barrier to care?

A

keeps you from going to the doctor too much

41
Q

What is the rule of rational thought?

A

you consume goods and services until the marginal benefit equals the marginal cost

42
Q

What is the moral hazard?

A

The phenomenon of being induced to purchase more because of insurance aka deductibles, coinsurance, copayments

43
Q

What is the healthcare balance of power determined by in the US?

A

wealth and contribution to the system

44
Q

What is the ongoing quest?

A

integration and accountability

45
Q

What are the four major eras in healthcare?

A

1) 1850-1900 institutionalization of healthcare (centralized) 2) 1900-WWII introduction of the scientific method 3) WWII-1980 change in structure 4)1980-present limited resources and restricted growth

46
Q

Describe the institutionalization of healthcare

A

1850-1900 Kirkbride plan and sanitariums ex:TB

47
Q

What is the Kirkbride plan?

A

a system of mental asylum design advocate by Philadelphia psychiatrist Thomas Story Kirkbride in the mid19th century

48
Q

What happened from 1900-WWII?

A

scientific method, medical education=school, hospitals became curative instead of isolation, PCN developed, push for innovation based on necessity (war), Hill burton act

49
Q

What was the Hill Burton Act?

A

The hospital survey and construction act is US federal law from 1946 establishing general hospitals across the country- Senator Burton from Ohio and Senator Hill from Alabama

50
Q

What was mandated in the Hill Burton?

A

no discrimination, required to provide a reasonable volume of free care each year, prove economic viability of the facility (limited hospitals in low income areas), must participate in medicare and medicaid

51
Q

What happened during the change in the structure of healthcare?

A

WWII-1980s- FDRs New deal=medicare and social security

52
Q

What’s the deal with health care reform?

A

Started in the 90s with Clinton to Bush to Obama

53
Q

What was the latest healthcare act?

A

Affordable Care Act aka Obama care- helped get people insured

Optometric Practice I (11 decks)

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