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HDM (Sophia's) > Intro to the Immune System > Flashcards

Intro to the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

How is active immunity conferred?

A

by host response to a microbe/ microbial ags

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2
Q

Where are mast cells found?

A

sites of body that are exposed to external environment - close to blood vessels

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3
Q

What are extracellular microbes?

A

microbes that are able to survive outside human cells; can just grow by being immersed in nutrients

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4
Q

Where do T cells congregate in a lymph node?

A

in the center

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5
Q

What type of immunity do T cells give rise to?

A

cellular immunity

T helper cells also help b cells in humeral immunity

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6
Q

What do activated macrophages secrete to promote or regulate immune responses?

A

cytokines

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7
Q

What is the clonal selection hypothesis?

A

Ag-specific close of lymphocytes dev before and independent of exposure to Ag –> a lot of clones are generated during maturation = maximizes potential for recognizing diverse microbes –> Ags select certain clones –> response

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8
Q

What are tissue-resident macrophages and what do they do?

A 
heterogeneous pop'n of immune cells that fulfill tissue-specific functions:
homeostasis
immune surveillance
response to infection
resolution of inflammation
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9
Q

What do M cells do?

A

take antigens from lumen of mucosal tissue into peyer’s patch

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of dendritic cells?

A

myeloid DCs

plasmacytoid DCs

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11
Q

What do T cells turn into in tissue?

A

T lymphocytes

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12
Q

How are monocytes recruited?

A

inflammation –> monocytes move to tissue –> turn into macrophages

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13
Q

How is passive immunity conferred?

A

actually transfer antibodies or T lymphocytes for a disease to a person

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14
Q

What type of immunoglobulin is abundantly produced in mucosal tissues?

A

IgA

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15
Q

What are the phagocytic innate immune cells? (6)

A 
basophils/mast cells
eosinophils
neutrophils
monocytes/ macrophages
dendritic cells
NK cells
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16
Q

What do T helper cells express to help B cell growth and differentiation?

A

CD4

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17
Q

Who is the father of humoral immunity?

A

Paul Ehrlich

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18
Q

What part of the immune system (adaptive or innate) does memory of Ag arise from?

A

adaptive immunity

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19
Q

What are the parts of innate immunity?

A 
epithelial barriers
mast cells
phagocytes
dendritic cells
complement
NK and ILCs
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20
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

innate immune cells
antigen-presenting
stimulate T cells –> induce adaptive immunity

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21
Q

Where do B cells congregate in a lymph node?

A

on the periphery

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22
Q

What do T helper cells do?

A

recognize Ags on Ag-presenting cells –> secrete cytokines –> other immune responses and inflammation

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23
Q

What is the most effective method of protection against infections?

A

vaccination

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24
Q

Where does the development and maturation of T cells occur?

A

thymus

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25
Q

How many neutrophils are produced a day?

How long do they circulate in the blood and tissue?

A

1x10^11 neutrophils per day
in blood for hours or a few days
in tissue for 1-2 days

26
Q

What type of phagocyte activates the earliest phases of inflammatory reactions?

A

neutrophil

27
Q

What does a developing B cell come in contact with that is essential for its differentiation

A

stromal cells

cytokines: IL-1, Il-6, and IL-7

28
Q

Production of neutrophils is stimulated by what cytokine?

A

granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)

29
Q

Which part of the immune system (adaptive or innate) has more diversity in its cells and molecules?

A

adaptive immunity

30
Q

What is the function of mast cells?

A

can regulate vascular permeability through heparin

can recruit effector cells through release of mediators

31
Q

Where do mature T cells migrate?

A

secondary lymphoid tissues (spleen and lymph nodes?)

32
Q

What is an antigen defined as?

A

any substance that is specifically recognized by lymphocytes or antibodies

33
Q

What are the parts of adaptive immunity?

A

B lymphoctes –> antibodies an plasma cells

T lymphocytes –> effector T cells

34
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

bone marrow

35
Q

Where do langerhans cells go after picking up an antigen?

A

travel to skin draining lymph nodes to present antigen –> activates naive T lymphoctes to go and kill pathogens

36
Q

What are the components of the induced adaptive/ highly specific response?
When does it occur after an infection?

A

B cells, helper T cells, cytolytic T cells

occurs 96 hours after infection

37
Q

What are the mobile elements of the immune system?

A

immune cells

soluble/ humoral components (antibodies, complement, acute phase proteins, etc)

38
Q

What are the primary fixed elements of the immune system?

A

bone marrow

thymus

39
Q

Where do CD4 T cells reside predominantly?

A

in the dermis

40
Q

What do mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils function to do?

A 
play roles in innate and adaptive immunity
protect against helminthes
function in allergic rxns
41
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

when a high % of a population is vaccinated, it is difficult for infectious diseases that are also contagious to spread bc most ppl can’t be infected

42
Q

What are the components of the induced innate/ broadly specific response?
When is this activated on the timeline of infection?

A

phagocytosis, complement activation, cytokine secretion, other inflammatory mechanisms
4 hours after infection

43
Q

What does a basophil turn into in the tissue?

A

mast cell

44
Q

What are the main things about the surface of skin that protect us from infection?

A

keratinocytes being sloughed off
keratinocytes produce antimicrobial peptides
microflora on skin

45
Q

What are the secondary fixed elements of the immune system?

A

spleen and lymph nodes

mucosal immune tissues

46
Q

What do B cells turn into in tissue?

A

plasma cells

47
Q

What does a monocyte turn into in tissue?

A

macrophage

48
Q

How do B lymphocytes work in humoral immunity?

A

B cells produce Abs –> recognize Ags, neutralize them, and target them for elimination

49
Q

What do cytotoxic T lymphocytes express to recognize and kill viruses?

A

CD8

50
Q

What is the goal of cellular immunity?

A

defense against intracellular microbes: kill infected host cells

51
Q

How was the cellular theory of immunity proven?

A

in 1950s showed that resistance to an intracellular bacteria could be transferred with cells, but not with serum

52
Q

What type of immunity do B cells do?

A

humoral immunity through immunoglobulins

53
Q

What do regulatory T cells do/

A

suppress and prevent immune responses

54
Q

What is clonal expansion?

A

property of adaptive immunity: can increase the number of Ag-specific lymphocytes to keep pace w/ microbes

55
Q

What types of T cells are present in skin?

A

both CD4 T helper and CD8 cytotoxic

56
Q

What are intracellular microbes?

A

germs that have to live and replicate within animal cells

57
Q

What are the fixed elements of the immune system?

A

lymphoid organs (primary and secondary)

58
Q

What do cytotoxic T lymphocytes do?

A

recognize Ags on infected cells and kill them

59
Q

What are peyer’s patches and where are they located?

A

discrete structure of immune cells in the lamina propria of the intestine/ mucosal immune sys

60
Q

What happens to B cells that react w/ self-Ags?

A

eliminated by apoptosis

61
Q

What type of immune cell is a langerhan’s cell?

A

dendritic cell

HDM (Sophia's) (10 decks)

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