Intro to the Body Flashcards
Where should hands be placed during palpation?
One on top of the other. The top hand applies pressure while the bottom hand palpates.
Larger structures should be palpated with what?
The hands.
Smaller structures should be palpated with what?
The fingers.
How can you ascertain direction when palpating?
Strum across the fiber.
When palpating a stationary structure, your hands should…
Move
When palpating a moving structure, your hands should…
Stay still.
Types of movement
Active, passive and resisted.
Active movement
The client performs the movement themselves.
Passive movement
Movement which is performed by the practitioner while the client relaxes.
Resisted movement
The client performs the movement against resistance from the practitioner.
Connective tissue types in the muscle
Epimysium, perimysium and endomysium.
Epimysium
Fascia which encases the entire muscle belly.
Perimysium
Fascia which wraps the muscle fibers into bundles.
Endomysium
Fascia which encapsulates each microscopic muscle fiber.
What do tendons do?
Connect muscles to periosteum.
Periosteum
The covering of bones.
What do ligaments do?
They connect bones to each other.
Fascia
A continuous sheet of connective tissue that runs throughout the body.
Retinaculum
Structure that holds an organ or tissue in place. Typically a transverse thickening of a deep fascia that straps tendons down.
Bursa
Fluid filled sack that reduces friction between two surfaces.
How many bursa are in the body?
Around 600.
Bursitis
Inflammation of a bursa. Causes tenderness and joint clicking.
Aponeurosis
A broad, flat tendon.
Acromial region
Around the acromion process in the shoulder.
Popliteal
The back of the knee.
Sural
The back of the lower leg.
Cubital
The back of the elbow.
Antecubital
The inside of the elbow.
Crural
The shin.
Inguinal
The region between the abdomen and the pubic region.
Sagittal plane
Divides the body right and left.
Frontal plane
Divides the body front and back.
Coronal plane
Another name for the frontal plane.
Transverse plane
Divides the body top and bottom.
Cranial and caudal
Used for the trunk. Caudal refers to towards the buttocks and cranial refers to towards the head.
Movement terms refer to what?
A joint
Extension
Movement which straightens or opens a joint.
Flexion
Movement which bends a joint or brings bones closer together.
Adduction
Movement which brings a limb closer to the midline.
Abduction
Movement which brings a limb further from the midline.
Rotation
Generally only applies to the axial skeleton, but can also apply to the shoulder and hip.
Circumduction
Movement which involves flexion, extension, adduction and abduction to create a cone-shaped movement. Possible at the shoulder and hip joints.
Lateral flexion
Only possible for the axial skeleton; involves bending to the side.
Elevation
Superior movement, possible at the scapula and jaw.
Depression
Inferior movement; possible at the scapula and jaw.
Supination
Pivoting of the forearm such that the palm is up. The radius and ulna are parallel.
Pronation
Pivoting the forearm such that the palm is face down. The radius and ulna are crossed.
Inversion
Movements at multiple foot joints causing the soles of the feet to be turned in.
Eversion
Movements at multiple foot joints causing the soles of the feet to be turned out.
Plantarflexion
Extension of the ankle.
Dorsiflexion
Flexion of the ankle.
Protraction
Anterior movement.
Retraction
Posterior movement.
Protraction and retraction apply to which joints?
Scapula, clavicle, head and jaw.
Opposition
The carpometacarpal joint of the thumb when the thumb touches the pinkie.
The skull consists of what portions?
The cranial, facial and mandibular portions.
Tarsals
The bones of the ankle.
Metatarsals
The bones of the foot.
Calcaneous
Heel bones.
Types of joints
Cartilagenous, fibrous and synovial.
Shapes of synovial joints
Ball and socket, hinge, gliding, ellipsoid, saddle, pivot.
Ball and socket joint
A round ball sits in a round socket. Capable of movement in all directions.
Movement possible by a ball and socket
Movement in all directions.
Movement possible by a hinge joint
Flexion and extension.
Gliding synovial joint
Two flat surfaces glide against one another, allowing small movements.
Ellipsoid joint
An elliptical ball and socket.
Type of movement allowed by ellipsoid joints
Flexion, extension, adduction and abduction.
Saddle joint
A modified ellipsoid joint in which there is a concave and convex surface.
Pivot joint
One surface rotates around another.
Spine
Vertebral column
Neck
Cervical spine.
Scapula
Scapulothoracic joint
Shoulder
Glenohumeral joint
Elbow
Humeroulnar and humeroradial joints.
Forearm
Proximal and distal radioulnar joints.
Wrist
Radiocarpal joints
Thumb
First carpometacarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints.
Fingers
Metacarpophalangeal and proximal and distal interphalangeal joints.
Hip
Coxal joint.
Knee
Tibiofemoral joint.
Origin
Muscle attachment to the more stationary bone.
Insertion
Muscle attachment to the more mobile bone.
How many named muscles are there in the body?
639
Muscle belly configurations
Parallel or pennate.
Parallel muscle bellies
Have fibers that run the length of the muscle.
Parallel muscle belly types
Flat, sphincter, fusiform, strap, triangular.
Pennate muscle belly types
Unipennate, bipennate and multipennate.
Pennate muscle bellies
Have fibers that run oblique to the tendons.
Purpose of the lymphatic system
Drain interstitial fluid, support the immune system and carry fats from the intestines to the blood.
Adduction of the scapula
Squeezing the shoulder blades together.
Abduction of the scapula
The scapulas separate like in boxing.
Shoulder flexion
The arm comes forward like after an underhand throw.
Shoulder extension
The arm comes backwards like winding up for an underhand throw.
Shoulder adduction and abduction
A movement like making a snow angel.
Horizontal adduction and abduction of the shoulder.
Holding the arm directly in front, move it laterally out to the side.
Rotation of the shoulder
Rotation from front to side. Looks like the action on a weight machine.
Wrist abduction
Also called radial deviation. Bending towards the thumb.
Wrist adduction.
Also called ulnar deviation. Bending towards the pinkie.
Thumb flexion
The thumb flattens against the palm.
Thumb extension
The thumb sticks out to the side like a hitch-hiker.
Thumb adduction
The thumb moves towards the backside of the hand.
Thumb abduction
The thumb moves forwards towards the palm of the hand.
Finger adduction
The fingers are together.
Finger abduction
The fingers are spread apart.
Anterior tilt of the pelvis
Also called downward rotation. The butt sticks out.
Posterior tilt of the pelvis
Also called upward rotation. The butt is tucked under.
Hip flexion
The leg is lifted up in front of the body like kicking a soccer ball.
Hip extension
The leg is cocked back like before a soccer ball is kicked.
Hip adduction and abduction
The legs move out and back like when making a snow angel.
Hip rotation
The hip rotates like when playing hacky-sack.
