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Block 1: Anatomy > Intro to the abdomen > Flashcards

Intro to the abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

Which organs sit in the Right Hypochondrium region?

A

Liver

Hepatic flexure of colon

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2
Q

Which organs sit in the Epigastric region?

A 
Stomach
Liver 
Gallbladder
Transverse colon 
Abdominal aorta/ SMA/ Coeliac Trunk 
Duodenum 
Pancreas 
Kidneys 
Adrenal glands
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3
Q

Which organs sit in the Left Hypochndrium region?

A

Stomach
Spleen
Pancreatic tail
Splenic flexure of colon

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4
Q

Which organs sit in the Umbilical region?

A

Small intestine
Abdominal Aorta
Root of mesentery
IMA

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5
Q

What is the surface anatomy for the Transpyloric Plane?

A

L1

Midway between suprasternal notch and upper body of pubic symphysis.

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6
Q

What is the surface anatomy for the Subcostal Plane?

A

L3

Lowest anterior point of the costal margin

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7
Q

What is the surface anatomy for the Supracristal Plane?

A

L4

Highest point of the iliac crests (posteriorly)

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8
Q

What is the surface anatomy for the Transtubercular Plane?

A

L5

Tubercles of the iliac crests

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9
Q

Which organs sit in the Right Flank region?

A

Ascending colon

Small intestine

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10
Q

Which organs sit in the Left Flank region?

A

Descending colon

Small intestine

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11
Q

Which organs sit in the Right Iliac Fossa region?

A

Caecum

Appendix

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12
Q

Which organs sit in the Pubic region?

A 
Small intestine 
Sigmoid colon 
Upper rectum 
Ovary
Uterine tube 
Distended bladder
Enlarged uterus 
Common iliac arteries
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13
Q

Which organs sit in the Left Iliac Fossa region?

A

Sigmoid colon

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14
Q

What are the functions of the Rectus Abdominus?

A

Compress abdominal contents
Flex vertebral column (e.g. to lift legs)
Tense abdominal wall

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15
Q

What is the Rectus Sheath?

A

Fibrous sheath formed by the aponeuroses of the flat abdominal wall muscles and the transversalis fascia.
Encloses vertical muscles and epigastric vessels.

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16
Q

What happens to the position of the Rectus Abdominus during pregnancy?

A

Moves laterally - away from midline

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17
Q

What is the Linea Alba?

A

Palpable midline running from Xiphoid Process to the Pubic Tubercle formed by the joining of aponeuroses of flat abdominal muscles.

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18
Q

What are the layers of the abdominal wall above the arcuate line?

A 
Skin 
Subcutaneous fat 
Superficial fascia
External obliques 
Internal obliques
Transversus Abdominus 
Transversalis fascia 
Extraperitoneal fascia
Parietal peritoneum
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19
Q

How is the Linea Alba relevant for surgery?

A

No blood supply so suitable for surgical access however lack of blood supply can hinder recovery after surgery and increases risk of herniation

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20
Q

What are the attachments of the External Obliques?

A 
Origin = Outer surface of ribs 5-12 
Insertion = Iliac crest, linea alba
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21
Q

What is the nerve innervation to the External Obliques?

A

Anterior rami of lower 6 thoracic spinal nerves (T7-12)

22
Q

What are the attachments of the Internal Obliques?

A 
Origin = thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, lateral inguinal ligament 
Insertion = ribs 10-12, linea alba, pubic crest, conjoint tendon (forms inguinal canal)
23
Q

What is the nerve innervation to the Internal Obliques?

A

Anterior rami of lower 6 thoracic spinal nerves (T7-12) and L1

24
Q

What are the attachments of the Transversus Abdominus?

A 
Origin = thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, lateral 1/3 of inguinal ligament, costal cartilages of ribs 7-12 
Insertion = Aponeurosis ending in linea alba, upper pubis, conjoint tendon
25
Q

What is the nerve innervation to the Transversus Abdominus?

A

Anterior rami of lower 6 thoracic spinal nerves (T7-12) and L1

26
Q

What are the functions of the abdominal muscles?

A
  1. Movement
  2. Support of vertebral column
  3. Defecation / urination
  4. Holding organs in place
27
Q

What is the arcuate line?

A

Lower limit of posterior layer of Rectus Sheath

28
Q

What are the vertical muscles of the abdominal wall?

A

Rectus Abdominus

Pyramidalis muscles

29
Q

What are the attachments of the Pyramidalis muscles?

A 
Origin = Pubis, Pubic symphysis 
Insertion = Linea Alba
30
Q

What is the nerve innervation of the Pyramidalis muscles?

A

Anterior ramus of T12

31
Q

What is the function of the Pyramidalis muscles?

A

Tenses linea alba

32
Q

What are the functions of the external obliques?

A

Compress abdominal contents

Contralateral rotation of torso

33
Q

What are the functions of the internal obliques?

A

Compress abdominal wall

Ipsilateral rotation of torso

34
Q

Where does lymphatic fluid in the abdomen drain to?

A 
Axillary nodes (armpits) 
Inguinal nodes (groin)
35
Q

Define intra-peritoneal

A

Structures covered in peritoneum

36
Q

Define retroperitoneal

A

Structures outside (behind) of the peritoneum

37
Q

Define mesentery

A

Fold of peritoneum suspending an organ from the abdominal wall

38
Q

Define secondary retroperitoneal

A

Intraperitoneal structures that later become retroperitoneal during development

39
Q

What stimuli are viscera sensitive (and not sensitive) to?

A

Sensitive to stretch, hypoxia, chemicals, environmental changes
Not sensitive to cutting or thermal stimuli

40
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

Area of skin innervated by a single spinal nerve

41
Q

How does pain referral work?

A

Sensory nerves from organs share pathways/ routes of travel with other sensory nerves. Brain confuses the location /origin of signal and assumes pain is of dermatomal (skin) origin

42
Q

At what vertebral level does the Coeliac Trunk originate?

A

T12

43
Q

At what vertebral level does the Superior Mesenteric Artery originate?

A

L1 (Transpyloric)

44
Q

At what vertebral level does the Inferior Mesenteric Artery originate?

A

L3 (Subcostal)

45
Q

What are the 4 tissue layers of the GI tract?

A

From lumen outwards:

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

46
Q

What does the mucosa layer of the GI Tract consist of?

A
  1. Layer of epithelial cells
  2. Lamina Propria (connective tissue + blood vessels)
  3. Muscularis Mucosae (layer of smooth muscle - contractions create folds to increase surface area)
47
Q

What does the submucosa layer of the GI tract consist of?

A
  1. Connective tissue
  2. Blood vessels
  3. Lymphatics
  4. Submucosal (Meissner’s) Plexus
48
Q

What does the muscularis layer of the GI Tract consist of?

A

2 smooth muscle layers (inner circular and outer longitudinal) - with Myenteric (Auerbach’s) Plexus sandwiched in between the two muscle layers

49
Q

What does the Serosa layer of the GI Tract consist of?

A

Connective tissue covered with simple squamous epithelium

50
Q

What is the blood supply to the abdominal wall?

A

Superior and inferior epigastric arteries

Inferior arises from the external iliac artery and the superior arises from the internal thoracic artery

51
Q

At what vertebral level is the aortic hiatus?

A

T12

52
Q

In which direction would you displace the Rectus Abdominus muscle when doing a paramedian incision for surgical access, any why?

A

Laterally - to avoid stretching nerves (which travel from lateral to midline where they pierce the RA and its sheath)

Block 1: Anatomy (11 decks)

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