Intro to Sociology COPY

Question 1

Research that describes a problem or situation.

Answer 1

descriptive
research

Question 2

A tentative statement of the relationship between two or more concepts.

Answer 2

hypothesis

Question 3

Replacing traditional motives, values, and emotions for social action with rational,
calculated ones, a replacement that leads to more efficient social institutions.

Answer 3

rationalization

Question 4

The name given to theories about society which claimed to apply concepts of natural
selection and survival of the fittest to sociology.

Answer 4

social Darwinism

Question 5

A factor that can vary or change from one case to another.

Answer 5

variable

Question 6

A type of field work in which the researcher observes and participates in the activity
being studied.

Answer 6

participant
observation

Question 7

Defines a trait or characteristic in terms of a process, test, or unit of measure that is
needed to determine its existence, duration, and quantity. It makes a hypothesis about a
characteristic testable.

Defines a trait or quality by explaining how to measure or test it to see if it exists, how long it lasts, or how much of it there is. This makes it possible to test a hypothesis about the trait.

Answer 7

operational
definition

Question 8

A type of field research in which the researcher observes what is being studied.

Answer 8

direct observation

Question 9

The relationship of cause and effect between variables.

Answer 9

causation

Question 10

Émile Durkheim’s explanation for the way in modern societies rely on differentiation to
form social bonds. Different parts of society function as a whole, much like an organism.

Answer 10

organic solidarity

Question 11

Social bonds in small traditional societies which are based on common values.

Answer 11

mechanical
solidarity

Question 12

A type of research focusing on observations or descriptions and using these to analyze
underlying meanings, patterns, or themes of social relationships.

Answer 12

qualitative

Question 13

A type of research focusing on data that can be measured numerically (typically
emphasizing complex statistical techniques.

Answer 13

quantitative

Question 14

Objects, words, or actions that stand for something else.

Answer 14

symbols

Question 15

The phenomenon that refers to a change in a subject’s behavior in an experiment or study
because they know they are being observed.

Answer 15

Hawthorne effect

Question 16

The stated, intended consequences of an institution, action, or social group.

Answer 16

manifest function

Question 17

Any kind of communication between people that is understood to have meaning.

Answer 17

social interactions

Question 18

The extent or degree of statistical association among two or more variables.

Answer 18

correlation

Question 19

W.E.B. DuBois’ concept of a feeling of “twoness” where the experience of one’s identity
is fragmented into several contradictory facets, making it hard to develop a sense of self

Answer 19

double
consciousness

Question 20

In statistics, —- is a feature of the statistical technique or inputs, which causes the study
results not to accurately reflect reality.

Answer 20

bias

Question 21

A subset of the population observed for the purposes of making inferences about the
nature of the larger population of interest.

Answer 21

sample

Question 22

An applied practice of sociology that focuses on health intervention, such as working
with medical practitioners, community health services, social policy and public health
campaigns.

Answer 22

clinical sociology

Question 23

A process in society that contributes to the social system and its stability.

Answer 23

function

Question 24

A term that describes professionals who use sociological theories and methods outside of
academic settings in order to produce social change.

Answer 24

applied sociology

Question 25

The term coined by C. Wright Mills to describe a way of understanding the world that
involves thinking about things from different perspectives and putting personal
circumstances into a wider context.

Answer 25

sociological
imagination

Question 26

A process in society that disrupts the social system or reduces its stability.

Answer 26

dysfunction

Question 27

One of the most important rules that govern research on humans; it requires that
participants in a study are aware of all of the potential risks, health, emotional, that could
result from their participation.

Answer 27

informed consent

Question 28

A set of logically interrelated statements that attempts to describe, explain, and sometimes
predict social events.

Answer 28

theory

Question 29

The application of the scientific approach to the social world in order to understand it.

Answer 29

positivism

Question 30

The academic study of social behavior using empirical investigation and analysis to draw
conclusions about social order, disorder, and change.

Answer 30

sociology

Question 31

A formal organization that has defined terms of membership, written governance, and
written communication, as well as a division of labor, responsibility, and accountability.

Answer 31

bureaucracy

Question 32

External circumstances or events that have an effect on the way individual people behave,
such as economy, religion, or government.

Answer 32

social facts

Question 33

Occurs when the differences between the groups being studied are the result of factors
other than chance.

Answer 33

statistically
significant

Question 34

The group (usually of people) about whom we want to be able to draw conclusions.

Answer 34

population

Question 35

The unconscious or unrecognized consequences of an action within the framework of a
social group.

Answer 35

latent function

The term latent refers to something that exists but is not yet visible, active, or realized. It describes a quality, potential, or condition that is present but dormant or concealed.

For example:
• In psychology, latent potential refers to abilities or talents that have not yet been expressed or developed.

Question 36

Research that explains why a social phenomenon occurs.

Answer 36

explanatory
research

Question 37

A systematic study of people and cultures, where the researcher observes the people or
society being studied from the point of view of the subject being studied.

Answer 37

ethnography

Question 38

A way of describing any individual’s behaviors and interests that do not conform to society’s expectations of that individual’s perceived gender.

Answer 38

gender-variant

Question 39

A large and comprehensive organization in a society that has a specific purpose.

Answer 39

institution

Question 40

Any technological channel of communication that reaches a significant portion of the population.

Answer 40

mass media

Question 41

A perception that we have of ourselves that can change and fluctuate in different social contexts.

Answer 41

self-image

Question 42

People and entities that influence an individual’s development of self and provide social environments and contexts.

Answer 42

agents of socialization

Question 43

A male-bodied individual who dresses in traditionally feminine clothing and exhibits feminine behavior that is often exaggerated for show or performance.

Answer 43

drag queen

Question 44

The way an individual defines their sexual attraction. Also referred to as sexual orientation.

Answer 44

sexual identity

Question 45

The initial stage in George Herbert Mead’s theory of the development of the self, where an infant mimics and imitates the simple actions and facial expressions they see others do. This stage precedes their ability to play or role-take.

Answer 45

preparatory

Question 46

Collective ideas about what is right or wrong, good or bad, and desirable or undesirable in a given culture.

Answer 46

values

Question 47

A fixed understanding that an individual has of themselves regardless of social context.

Answer 47

self-concept

Question 48

The inclination of an individual’s sexual attraction.

Answer 48

sexual orientation

Question 49

The process by which people discover themselves in relation to their society.

Answer 49

socialization

Question 50

Figures who significantly impact a child’s life enough to affect their observations and internalization of social behavior. Also known as significant others.

Answer 50

particular others

Question 51

The condition where an individual is born with biological characteristics that are both male and female.

Answer 51

intersex

Question 52

An activity done for pleasure that lacks structure or rules.

Answer 52

play

Question 53

The study of the roles, attitudes, and behaviors that are appropriate for a particular stage of life.

Answer 53

life course

Question 54

An umbrella term describing anyone whose gender identity does not match their assigned physical sex.

Answer 54

transgender

Question 55

The social environment that forms certain attributes of an individual.

Answer 55

nurture

Question 56

Cultural expectations or rules for behavior.

Answer 56

norm

Question 57

Demands and expectations for behavior agreed upon by a culture or society.

Answer 57

Social norms

Question 58

The fundamental and often first social group for an individual; a family frequently consists of biological relatives to the individual, but more generally, it has strong emotional ties to and is instrumental in raising the individual.

Answer 58

family

Question 59

….. refers to the social component that reflects not only a person’s biological identity but the cultural and social values and roles assigned to that identity.

Answer 59

gender

Question 60

Individuals who belong to the same social group, typically based on factors like age and/or economic standing.

Answer 60

peers

Question 61

A common synonym for “homosexual,” often (but not always) referring to men.

Answer 61

gay

Question 62

The identity given by a person’s biological sex characteristics.

Answer 62

sex

Question 63

Public ceremonies or rituals recognizing the transition of a person from one group or status to another.

Answer 63

rites of passage

Question 64

An individual’s perception of his or her identity, which is formed and developed by social interactions and immersion in society.

Answer 64

self

Question 65

The orientation in which one’s primary sexual attraction is toward the opposite sex.

Answer 65

heterosexuality

Question 66

Acronym standing for “lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender,” which is used to refer to nonheterosexual and transgender people.

Answer 66

LGBT

Question 67

An activity done for pleasure that has definitive rules, organization, and structure.

Answer 67

game

Question 68

The chronic absence of sexual attraction toward any sex or gender identity.

Answer 68

asexuality

Question 69

A common term for homosexual women.

Answer 69

lesbian

Question 70

The orientation in which one has sexual attraction toward any sex or gender identity.

Answer 70

bisexuality

Question 71

A female-bodied individual who exhibits traditionally masculine behaviors and interests, such as dressing in masculine clothing or participating in masculine physical activities.

Answer 71

tomboy

Question 72

The orientation in which one’s primary sexual attraction is toward the same sex.

Answer 72

homosexuality

Question 73

A form of advertising that targets and appeals to a specific gender in order to sell a product or service.

Answer 73

gendered marketing

Question 74

The process of mentally taking on the role of others in order to understand ideal or appropriate social behavior.

Answer 74

role-taking

Question 75

An individual whose gender identity is the opposite of their assigned physical sex, who often desires to align their physical body with their mental gender identity through some medical means (such as hormone replacement therapy or surgical sex reassignment).

Answer 75

transsexual

Question 76

The state of being in between two life stages.

Answer 76

liminal state

Question 77

Societal norms and conventions that define what behaviors and characteristics should be aligned with each sex.

Answer 77

gender roles

Question 78

Charles Horton Cooley’s concept of the process of individuals evaluating themselves based on how they imagine other people view them.

Answer 78

looking-glass self

Question 79

The biological or genetic attributes and predispositions of an individual.

Answer 79

nature

Question 80

Constitutes the full development of the individual; involves the generalized other.

Answer 80

social self

Question 81

All of the statuses one person has at a given time.

Answer 81

status set

Question 82

Groups comprised of secondary members that organize for an explicit purpose.

Answer 82

formal organizations

Question 83

The response to social strain of rejecting both the socially approved goal and the legitimate means to achieve it.
The response to social strain of rejecting both the socially approved goal and the legitimate means to achieve it.

Answer 83

retreatism

Retreatism is a concept from Robert Merton’s Strain Theory in sociology, which describes a mode of adaptation where individuals reject both cultural goals and the means to achieve them, often withdrawing from society.

Example of Retreatism:

A person who becomes disillusioned with societal expectations of success and chooses to live off the grid, completely detached from mainstream life, exemplifies retreatism. This could be someone who abandons a conventional career, stops engaging in social norms, and instead chooses a reclusive life in a remote area, relying on minimal resources.

Other examples include chronic drug addiction or homelessness (when not by choice), where individuals withdraw from social structures and reject societal ambitions altogether.

Question 84

Society’s attempts to regulate and govern people’s behavior, which can be through formal or informal means.

Answer 84

social control

Question 85

Preferences, advantages, and favorable judgment given to members of one’s in-group over members of an out-group.

Answer 85

in-group favoritism

Question 86

People with whom an individual shares a functional relationship; the length of interaction is typically shorter and oriented around a common task.

Answer 86

secondary group

Question 87

A special status that more completely defines a person than the other statuses he or she has.

Answer 87

master status

Question 88

The tension among the role expectations associated with one status.

Answer 88

role strain

Question 89

The process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with the norms established by a society, subculture, or other group; in Merton’s structural strain theory, the response to structural strain of pursuing socially approved goals by legitimate means.

Answer 89

conformity

Question 90

The response to social strain of giving up on or rejecting the socially approved goal, but sticking with the legitimate means to achieve that goal.

Answer 90

ritualism

Question 91

The expectations about the behaviors, actions, and qualities of someone occupying a certain status.

Answer 91

role expectation

Question 92

Social bonding theory holds that social control depends on people anticipating the consequence of deviant behavior.

Answer 92

social bonding theory

Question 93

A group of people with whom an individual maintains close, personal relationships, such as friends and family.

Answer 93

primary group

Question 94

Organization that an individual joins willingly because its purpose aligns with his or her interests, beliefs, or values.

Answer 94

voluntary organization

Question 95

The attitude or opinion that the norms, values, and customs of one’s own culture are superior to those of other people’s, or the act of judging another group’s heritage or culture by the standards and values inherent in one’s own culture.

Answer 95

ethnocentrism

Question 96

A group to which an individual feels that he or she does not belong and does not identify with.

Answer 96

out-group

Question 97

Actions, behaviors, traits, or characteristics that violate socially accepted standards or norms.

Answer 97

deviance

Question 98

A group to which an individual feels that he or she belongs.

Answer 98

in-group

Question 99

The practice of thinking or making decisions as a group in a way that discourages creativity or individual responsibility.

Answer 99

groupthink

Question 100

The typology of responses to a mismatch between socially goals and access to legitimate means for achieving the goals.

Answer 100

structural strain theory

Question 101

An enterprise run by individuals who engage in illegal activity, usually for money or profit, that often involves the sale of illegal goods and services.

Answer 101

organized crime

Question 102

The response to social strain of rejecting both the socially promoted goal and the legitimate means to attain it, while substituting new goals and means.

Answer 102

rebellion

Question 103

A crime that involves only the perpetrator or two consenting adults, such as the consumption of illegal drugs or prostitution.

Answer 103

victimless crime

Question 104

An individual’s position in a group or society defined by certain associated benefits and responsibilities.

Answer 104

status

Question 105

An evaluation and unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members.

Answer 105

prejudice

Question 106

A crime that is motivated by biases based on characteristics of the victim such as race, gender, gender identity, religion, disability, sexual orientation, and ethnicity.

Answer 106

hate crime

Question 107

The set of attitudes and behaviors appropriate for a certain status.

Answer 107

role

Question 108

The process by which certain human attitudes and behaviors are redefined as medical conditions, and therefore treated as a disease or illness.

Answer 108

medicalization

Question 109

A smaller group of people within a larger group.

Answer 109

faction

Question 110

A dynamic of conformity that describes the tendency to assume that the group judgment or answer is accurate.

Answer 110

informational social influence

Question 111

Occurs when an individual or group must weigh personal benefit against the well-being of society.

Answer 111

social dilemma

Question 112

A behavior or action that violates a society’s legal code.

Answer 112

crime

Question 113

A leader focused on the group’s morale and dynamics; typically this person acts as a mediator and motivator.

Answer 113

expressive leader

Question 114

An intentional or unintentional act which adversely affects a person or group’s opportunities because of race, color, religion, sex, disability, marital status, national origin, age, or other factors.

Answer 114

discrimination

Question 115

Edwin Sutherland’s theory that states people learn criminal behavior from others in their communities; that is, criminal behavior is taught.

Answer 115

differential association

Question 116

The experience of occupying two (or more) statuses with conflicting roles.

Answer 116

role conflict

Question 117

Any group to which an individual compares him or herself.

Answer 117

reference group

Question 118

A culturally mandated set of values, beliefs, and behaviors that reflects and enforces culture; norms are created and maintained by groups.

Answer 118

norm

Question 119

The theory that how people are labeled or identified will influence the self-identification and behavior of the people labeled.

Answer 119

labeling theory

Question 120

When the means used to achieve a goal become more important than the goal itself.

Answer 120

goal displacement

Question 121

An organization that maintains membership through payment.

Answer 121

utilitarian organization

Question 122

Nonviolent crime often committed by business professionals or someone of high social status who is motivated by financial gain.

Answer 122

white-collar crime

Question 123

A leader focused on completing the task at hand, reaching goals, and ensuring that each individual is completing his or her work.

Answer 123

instrumental leader

Question 124

When members of a group exert less effort on a common task than when working individually.

Answer 124

social loafing

Question 125

In sociology, people who share a trait or characteristic, such as Americans of Irish descent.

Answer 125

category

Question 126

A formal organization that has defined terms of membership, written governance, and written communication, as well as a division of labor, responsibility, and accountability.

Answer 126

bureaucracy

Question 127

In Merton’s structural strain theory, when people accept society’s goals but adopt alternative (disapproved) means of achieving those goals; in globalization, the process by which an organization generates new ideas and converts them into new products, business practices, and strategies that create shareholder value.

Answer 127

innovation

Question 128

An organization that an individual is forced to join; these organizations often work to resocialize their members to conform to specific, strict rules for behavior and attitude.

Answer 128

coercive organization

Question 129

People that come together in proximity for a short period of time, without regularity, and without knowing one another.

Answer 129

aggregate

Question 130

A negative label attached to a person, behavior, or circumstance to distinguish that person or thing from the rest of society.

Answer 130

stigma

Question 131

A certain rank or position in an organization beyond which women have difficulty being successfully promoted.

Answer 131

glass ceiling

Question 132

A social concept that groups certain people together based on physical traits like skin color, though there is no biological basis for such categorization.

Answer 132

race

Question 133

Theory that assumes that class conflict is inevitable in society, and that those in the dominant class will use prejudice as a means to oppress those in the economically deprived lower classes.

Answer 133

conflict theory (of prejudice)

Question 134

A generalization about an entire category of people; it is generally presumed to describe a ‘typical’ member of that category.

Answer 134

stereotype

Question 135

The sociological principle that states that we categorize other people on the basis of what is most noticeable (most salient) about them.

Answer 135

salience principle

Question 136

An analysis by Immanuel Wallerstein that divides the world into nations from most to least wealthy: core, semiperiphery, and periphery nations; the core nations dominate the world economically and politically.

Answer 136

world systems analysis

Question 137

The rationale (often unfounded) that victims of abuse or assault are partially or entirely at fault for their suffering.

Answer 137

victim blaming

Question 138

Societal norms and conventions that define what behaviors and characteristics should be aligned with each sex.

Answer 138

gender roles

Question 139

The use of scientific theories, techniques, or research to rationalize racism, categorization of people, and racial superiority.

Answer 139

scientific racism

Question 140

A policy that requires institutions to favor under-represented minorities when determining whether to recruit or promote them.

Answer 140

Affirmative Action

Question 141

A type of discrimination or abuse of power consisting of verbal or physical abuse of a sexual nature.

Answer 141

sexual harassment

Question 142

A period of time that new fathers take off from work following the birth of their baby or babies.

Answer 142

paternity leave

Question 143

A period of time that new mothers take off from work following the birth of their baby or babies.

Answer 143

maternity leave

Question 144

A nation that lacks the industrialization and wealth of other nations; under world systems analysis, periphery nations transfer wealth to core nations.

Answer 144

periphery nation

Question 145

Geographic areas that have high concentrations of a particular ethnicity, prevailing cultural norms, and in some cases, distinct economic systems.

Answer 145

ethnic enclave

Question 146

Status given by society that the individual has no control over.

Answer 146

ascribed status

Question 147

A country that currently lacks the resources and structures to provide advancement, comfort, and productive work opportunities for the majority of its residents.

Answer 147

developing countries

Question 148

The designation of a given occupation as either “female” or “male,” generally based on societal perception of gender roles.

Answer 148

gender typing

Question 149

The areas of study and professions in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics.

Answer 149

STEM fields

Question 150

When co-workers and/or a supervisor engage in unwelcome sexually-charged behavior making the workplace atmosphere intimidating, hostile, or offensive.

Answer 150

hostile work environment harassment

Question 151

Ethnic groups or ethnicity generally refers to a person’s cultural identity, derived from a shared sense of cultural, ancestral, and/or national identity.

Answer 151

ethnicity

Question 152

The process by which people discover themselves in relation to their society.

Answer 152

socialization

Question 153

A wealthy nation that is part of the global elite.

Answer 153

core nation

Question 154

A generalization made about an entire racial or ethnic category of people.

Answer 154

racial-ethnic stereotype

Question 155

Theory that states that prejudice is a learned behavior; because prejudice is part of the culture that surrounds us all, it is present in all members of society to a greater or lesser degree.

Answer 155

culture theory (of prejudice)

Question 156

A country that reflects indicators of advancement, comfort, and productivity, such as quality infrastructure (good roads and highways or efficient power grids) and a well-educated and technologically sophisticated workforce.

Answer 156

developed countries

Question 157

Gender refers to the social component that reflects not only a person’s biological identity but the cultural and social values and roles assigned to that identity.

Answer 157

gender

Question 158

The underlying societal attitude that drives any form of racism.

Answer 158

systemic racism

Question 159

A set of genes that creates a certain physical appearance.

Answer 159

phenotype

Question 160

Theory that holds that class, race, and gender are all intertwined, and interact to create different levels of disadvantage in society.

Answer 160

intersectionality

Question 161

The increase of population in city areas, mainly due to mass migrations, and the subsequent growth of urban areas to accommodate the increase of numbers.
The increase of population in city areas, mainly due to mass migrations, and the subsequent growth of urban areas to accommodate the increase of numbers.

Answer 161

urbanization

Question 162

Conscious, known bias that a person harbors toward or against a particular group.

Answer 162

explicit bias

Question 163

Racism that is embedded into institutions; policies, laws, and practices that disproportionately favor or disadvantage one race over another.

Answer 163

institutional racism

Question 164

The state of living without reliable access to basic resources needed for survival, such as nutritious food, clean water, and decent shelter.

Answer 164

absolute poverty

Question 165

Status that someone earns through his or her personal qualities.

Answer 165

achieved status

Question 166

The act of men in female-dominated occupations being promoted through the ranks at a faster rate than their female coworkers.

Answer 166

glass escalator

Question 167

Bias (associations, preferences, and prejudices) formed and harbored unconsciously through one’s lifelong interaction with people, media, school, and even language.

Answer 167

implicit bias

Question 168

A system of social and economic stratification within a population based on wealth and economic standing, which offers the opportunity for social mobility.

Answer 168

class system

Question 169

A society in which women hold the dominant power.

Answer 169

matriarchy

Question 170

The process by which ethnic groups gradually give up their distinctive culture and traditions to adopt the patterns of the dominant culture.

Answer 170

assimilation

Question 171

A socially constructed way of describing personality traits, characteristics, and interests that are traditionally linked to male-bodied people.

Answer 171

masculine

Question 172

The definition of financial circumstances below which an individual or family is considered ‘poor,’ usually determined by census statistics.

Answer 172

poverty line

Question 173

When a person in authority, usually a supervisor, demands sexual favors of a subordinate as a condition of getting or keeping a job benefit.

Answer 173

quid pro quo harassment

Question 174

A measure of income or consumption inequality; a Gini coefficient of 0 indicates perfect equality, while a Gini coefficient of 1 indicates complete inequality.

Answer 174

Gini coefficient

Question 175

An intentional or unintentional act which adversely affects employment opportunities because of race, color, religion, sex, handicap, marital status, or national origin, or other factors such as age.

Answer 175

discrimination

Question 176

Marx’s theory that the working conditions of capitalism leads people to be estranged from themselves and society.

Answer 176

alienation

Question 177

The phenomenon of there being far more women living in poverty than men.

Answer 177

feminization of poverty

Question 178

The identity given by a person’s biological sex characteristics.

Answer 178

sex

Question 179

The ownership of another human being.

Answer 179

slavery

Question 180

A fairly rigid system of social stratification that offers little to no social mobility, and which often determines a person’s occupation, who they can marry, and even (in some cases) who they can touch.

Answer 180

caste system

Question 181

A society in which racial and ethnic groups are distinct, but have equal social standing; minority groups do not have to give up their distinctive lifestyles and cultural traditions in order to avoid prejudice and discrimination, and all groups have a roughly equal share of resources and political power.

Answer 181

pluralist society

Question 182

Both a sociological perspective and a political movement that recognizes inequalities between the sexes and seeks to remedy those inequalities so that society provides equal treatment of and opportunity for all genders.

Answer 182

feminism

Question 183

Emphasis on tasks, goals, and external affairs of the family unit regarding status, reputation, and relationship to other social institutions.

Answer 183

instrumentality

Question 184

The separation of people by gender, particularly prominent in occupations.

Answer 184

gender segregation

Question 185

A society in which men hold the dominant power.

Answer 185

patriarchy

Question 186

Emphasis on the internal affairs and emotional balance of the family unit.

Answer 186

expressiveness

Question 187

The state of being poor, or living without a certain amount of materials and possessions that would otherwise make life comfortable or luxurious.

Answer 187

poverty

Question 188

The theory that prejudice arises from the frustration of those who are economically or socially disadvantaged, who then turn that aggression against others who are lower on the social hierarchy.

Answer 188

scapegoat theory (of prejudice)

Question 189

The systematic killing of one group of people by another.

Answer 189

genocide

Question 190

The categorization and ranking of groups of people to form a social and economic hierarchy.

Answer 190

social stratification

Question 191

An economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods rather than by the government.

Answer 191

capitalism

Question 192

The state of living below in impoverished circumstances compared to the comfort and wealth of the rest of society.

Answer 192

relative poverty

Question 193

The difference between the average earnings by men and the average earnings by women.

Answer 193

gender wage gap

Question 194

What every human needs in order to survive, be healthy, and be protected, such as nutritious food, clean water, and decent shelter.

Answer 194

basic needs

Question 195

A social philosophy that promotes the improvement and perpetuation of desirable genetic qualities by encouraging people with those traits to procreate, and discouraging, limiting, or preventing (such as with sterilization) people without those qualities from procreating.

Answer 195

eugenics

Question 196

The physical and social separation of different racial or ethnic groups.

Answer 196

segregation

Question 197

The ability for people to change their class positions in society.

Answer 197

social mobility

Question 198

A socially constructed way of describing personality traits, characteristics, and interests that are traditionally linked to female-bodied people.

Answer 198

feminine

Question 199

A social and economic category within a caste system, into which a person is born, determining his or her social and economic status within society, and which cannot be changed.

Answer 199

caste

Question 200

A recently formed and different religion that is at odds with the current dominant society or religion; also sometimes called new religion.

Answer 200

cult

Question 201

A worldview which accepts or values multiple religions coexisting in the same society.

Answer 201

pluralism

Question 202

A family in which at least one of the adults is a stepparent.

Answer 202

stepfamily

Question 203

The worship of or belief in multiple gods.

Answer 203

polytheism

Question 204

The phenomenon of changes in weather patterns on a global scale due to the increase of temperature on the earth’s surface.

Answer 204

climate change

Question 205

The use of educational achievements to determine who is eligible for jobs, even if the degree does not apply to the actual job.

Answer 205

credential society

Question 206

The act of making air, land, water, and other aspects of the environment dirty or unsafe for humans and wildlife.

Answer 206

pollution

Question 207

The development of technological and systemic changes that will meet current production demands without causing further damage to the environment.

Answer 207

sustainable development

Question 208

The use of education to determine a person’s social standing.

Answer 208

social placement

Question 209

A set of actions, often ceremonial in nature, performed mainly for their symbolic or religious value.

Answer 209

ritual

Question 210

Someone who inspires people within an organization because of his or her apparent extraordinary gifts or qualities.

Answer 210

charismatic leader

Question 211

A system in which men hold the power and women are excluded from power.

Answer 211

patriarchy

Question 212

A dispersed group of people who share a similar interest but do not interact.

Answer 212

mass

Question 213

The average number of years a person born in a given country is expected to live if mortality rates at each age remain the same in the future.

Answer 213

life expectancy

Question 214

A religious organization with its own doctrine, clergy, and central governing body.

Answer 214

church

Question 215

The tendency of people to marry others with similar characteristics as them.

Answer 215

homogamy

Question 216

The belief that inanimate objects have souls because of a supernatural power that controls the material universe.

Answer 216

animism

Question 217

Connections between individuals that are established through ancestry, marriage, or adoption.

Answer 217

kinship

Question 218

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.

Answer 218

health

Question 219

The constant pressure experienced by those in capitalist societies to meet the economic demand for profit and growth.

Answer 219

treadmill of production

Question 220

Emotional, physical, or sexual abuse between family members.

Answer 220

family violence

Question 221

The increase of temperature on the earth’s surface on a global scale.

Answer 221

global warming

Question 222

The fundamental and often first social group for an individual; a family frequently consists of biological relatives to the individual, but more generally, it has strong emotional ties to and is instrumental in raising children.

Answer 222

family

Question 223

The shifting in focus of a religion from spiritual concerns to concerns of this world, or the process in which religion loses its social and cultural significance.

Answer 223

secularization

Question 224

A subdivision of a larger religious group with members who usually share somewhat different beliefs from the dominant group.

Answer 224

sect

Question 225

A new norm that defines behavior in ambiguous situations, usually developed as part of a crowd.

Answer 225

emergent norm

Question 226

A way of explaining the rights and responsibilities of a person who is ill.

Answer 226

sick role

Question 227

An organized system of spiritual beliefs and practices, usually offering a moral code and a worldview.

Answer 227

religion

Question 228

A family consisting of a couple and their children from this and all previous relationships.

Answer 228

blended family

Question 229

An organized group of people dedicated to changing (or dedicated to resisting change to) a cultural norm, behavior, or value.

Answer 229

social movement

Question 230

The act of cutting down trees and reducing forests for the sake of industries such as logging and agriculture.

Answer 230

deforestation

Question 231

The practice in most industrialized cultures when a married couple finds a new place to live that is not in the household of either set of their parents.

Answer 231

neolocality

Question 232

A lack of belief in the existence of a deity.

Answer 232

atheism

Question 233

An arrangement where two people living together are engaged in an intimate relationship but are not married.

Answer 233

cohabitation

Question 234

A non-institutionalized activity in which large numbers of people voluntarily participate.

Answer 234

collective behavior

Question 235

A society’s formal system of teaching knowledge and skills.

Answer 235

education

Question 236

An independent branch of a larger church with members who might disagree with certain aspects of the church’s teaching but who still subscribe to its main message.

Answer 236

denomination

Question 237

A traditional story of a people or culture that serves to explain some natural phenomenon, the origin of humanity, or customs or religious rites.

Answer 237

myth

Question 238

A trend in the 1940s and 1950s in which there grew to be increasing reliance on, and spread of, new strains of high-yielding varieties (HYVs) of crops like corn, wheat, rice, millet, and sorghum.

Answer 238

Green Revolution

Question 239

A family composed of two parents and their children.

Answer 239

nuclear family

Question 240

A general measure of health. It is the number of children dying under one year of age, divided by the number of live births during the year, multiplied by 1,000 for a given region.

Answer 240

infant mortality rate

Question 241

The assets a person has that are not financial, such as education, patterns of speech, tastes, and manner of dress, which take time and energy to acquire.

Answer 241

cultural capital

Question 242

The common practice in some cultures that involves living with or near the husband’s parents.

Answer 242

patrilocal

Question 243

A social and legal union that usually involves economic cooperation, sexual activity, and childbearing.

Answer 243

marriage

Question 244

A system to restore or maintain, especially by trained professionals, mental and physical well-being.

Answer 244

health care

Question 245

The common practice in some cultures that involves living with or near the wife’s parents.

Answer 245

matrilocal

Question 246

A family that includes more members than just parents and children, such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins.

Answer 246

extended family

Question 247

Someone who does not know if gods or supernatural entities exist.

Answer 247

agnostic

Question 248

The worship of or belief in a single god.

Answer 248

monotheism

Question 249

An object, word, or action that stands for something else.

Answer 249

symbol

Question 250

Materials that contain potential energy, formed from organic decay that has been converted to crude oil, coal, natural gas, or heavy oils by exposure to heat and pressure in the earth’s crust over billions of years.

Answer 250

fossil fuels

Question 251

Resources that cannot be naturally replenished at a rate equal to their consumption. Examples include natural gas, oil, and coal, whose formation takes billions of years.

Answer 251

nonrenewable

Question 252

The belief that each person has a spiritual connection or kinship with animals or plants.

Answer 252

totemism

Question 253

A large number of people in close proximity who may or may not interact with each other.

Answer 253

crowd

Question 254

What did Emile Durkheim’s research on suicide reveal?

Answer 254

Suicide rates were higher in areas where an individual’s ties to their group were disrupted or distorted.

Question 255

Which idea did Auguste Comte introduce to the field of sociology?

Answer 255

Positivism

Question 256

Which sociological perspective assumes that social life is shaped by the meanings people associate with things?

Answer 256

Symbolic interactionism

Question 257

Which sociological perspective views society as being made up of groups competing for scarce resources?

Answer 257

Conflict

Question 258

Which ethical dilemma in sociological research does Laud Humphry’s study on social interactions between men in public restrooms highlight?

Answer 258

Misleading research subjects

Question 259

Sociologists must consider the potential physical and emotional risks that participants may be exposed to during a research study.

Which issue does this consideration address?

Answer 259

Ethical standards

Question 260

What are sociologists practicing when they evaluate cultures without judging them?

Answer 260

Cultural relativism

Question 261

Ethnocentrism

Question 262

Symbolic culture

Question 263

Culture shock

Question 264

A group of teachers teaching in the same neighborhood of Los Angeles meet regularly about family and ethnicity issues they encounter in their daily work.

What is this an example of?

Answer 264

Subculture

Question 265

Counterculture

Question 266

What role do a culture’s values play in social interactions?

Answer 266

Values define a culture’s standards for good and bad, beautiful and ugly, right and wrong.

Question 267

How does the workplace act as an agent of socialization?

Answer 267

It is an environment where one can acquire new perspectives of the world.

Question 268

According to studies of socialization through the “life course” in modern society, which group characteristically grapples most with the question “Who am I?” and struggles to carve out a group identity?

Answer 268

Adolescents, ages 13 to 17

Question 269

Where do most people first encounter gender socialization?

Answer 269

Family

Question 270

What does George Herbert Mead’s term “generalized other” refer to in relation to the development of the self?

Answer 270

Perception of the norms, values, attitudes, and expectations of others in general

Question 271

If Mateo feels happy because he thinks his classmates will approve of his new shoes, which phase of the looking-glass self is Mateo in?

Answer 271

Third

Question 272

phases of the looking-glass self

Question 273

Which concept reflects sociological ways of thinking about the development of self?

Answer 273

The looking-glass self

Question 274

What is a secondary group?

Answer 274

A group that is created through similar interests, activities, or professions

Question 275

A student is well prepared for a class assignment, and she feels confident she knows the correct answers to the questions the teacher will ask during a group discussion. However, the student is reluctant to raise her hand to answer the questions to avoid making her classmates look bad.

Which term explains the student’s behavior within the social structure of the group?

Answer 275

Role strain

Question 276

What is an example of a category?

Answer 276

Fans gathered to watch a concert

Members of the same softball team
_

People who wear glasses
_

Participants in a race

Question 277

Which term describes a crowd of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time?

Answer 277

Aggregate

Question 278

Which social theorist was the first to analyze bureaucracies as powerful forms of social organization that are concerned with the “bottom line?”

Answer 278

Max Weber

Question 279

Karl Marx

Question 280

Robert Michaels

Question 281

George Ritzer

Question 282

How does group size affect group dynamics?

Answer 282

The larger the group, the more stable it is.

Question 283

According to sociologist George Simmel, what happens to a small group’s dynamics and interactions as it grows larger?

Answer 283

It becomes more stable, but its intimacy decreases.

Question 284

How does Strain Theory explain deviance?

Answer 284

People are not always willing and/or able to achieve cultural goals.

Question 285

What is the position of the conflict perspective regarding deviance?

Answer 285

Deviant behavior is defined by those with power.

Question 286

What did Émile Durkheim argue is the role of deviance in society?

Answer 286

It reinforces cultural values and norms.

Question 288

The…… ………. is a concept from sociologist George Herbert Mead. It refers to the internalized sense of the overall attitudes, expectations, and norms of society or a social group that individuals use to guide their behavior.

In simpler terms, it represents how people imagine society’s perspective when evaluating their actions, helping them understand how they fit into the broader social context. It plays a key role in developing a person’s self-awareness and ability to interact in social situations.

Answer 288

generalized other

Question 289

What did Emile Durkheim’s research on suicide reveal?

Answer 289

Durkheim’s research revealed that social factors significantly influence individual behavior, particularly in the context of suicide.

Durkheim identified different types of suicide based on social integration and regulation.

Question 290

Which idea did Auguste Comte introduce to the field of sociology?

Answer 290

Auguste Comte introduced the concept of positivism, advocating the use of scientific methods to study society.

Positivism emphasizes observation and reason as the basis for knowledge.

Question 291

Which sociological perspective assumes that social life is shaped by the meanings people associate with things?

Answer 291

Symbolic Interactionism

This perspective focuses on the subjective meanings individuals attach to social phenomena.

Question 292

Which sociological perspective views society as being made up of groups competing for scarce resources?

Answer 292

Conflict Theory

This perspective emphasizes power dynamics and inequalities in society.

Question 293

Which ethical dilemma in sociological research does Laud Humphry’s study on social interactions between men in public restrooms highlight?

Answer 293

The ethical dilemma of privacy and informed consent in research involving sensitive topics.

Humphrey’s study raised questions about the ethical treatment of participants in observational research.

Question 294

Sociologists must consider the potential physical and emotional risks that participants may be exposed to during a research study. Which issue does this consideration address?

Answer 294

Research Ethics

This addresses the obligation to protect participants from harm and ensure their well-being.

Question 295

What does George Herbert Mead’s term ‘generalized other’ refer to in relation to the development of the self?

Answer 295

The generalized other refers to the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society that individuals consider in their behavior.

Question 296

If Mateo feels happy because he thinks his classmates will approve of his new shoes, which phase of the looking-glass self is Mateo in?

Answer 296

Mateo is in the phase of imagining how he appears to others.

Question 297

Which concept reflects sociological ways of thinking about the development of self?

Answer 297

Culture

Question 298

What are sociologists practicing when they evaluate cultures without judging them?

Answer 298

Cultural relativism

Question 299

A group of teachers teaching in the same neighborhood of Los Angeles meet regularly about family and ethnicity issues they encounter in their daily work. What is this an example of?

Answer 299

Professional collaboration

Question 300

What role do a culture’s values play in social interactions?

Answer 300

Values guide behavior and expectations in social interactions.

Question 301

How does the workplace act as an agent of socialization?

Answer 301

The workplace provides norms, values, and expectations that shape an individual’s behavior.