Intro to Reproduction

Question 1

What is taxonomy?

Answer 1

study box the principles of scientific classification; systematic ordering and naming of organisms

Question 2

What is phylogeny?

Answer 2

the evolutionary history of the origin and diversification of any taxon, usually presented in the form of a dendrogram. The one true tree of life

Question 3

What is cladistics?

Answer 3

an approach or methodology for classifying organisms based on common evolutionary descent

Question 4

What are the 2 types of reproduction?

Answer 4

sexual

asexual

Question 5

What is sexual reproduction?

Answer 5

• fusion of two specialized cells, or gametes
• generally involves two parents
• most common strategy in vertebrates
• sexual reproduction recombines parental characters (results in a more diverse population)

Question 6

What are the advantages to sexual reproduction?

Answer 6

• debated (several theories)

- ability to mix and match successful genes (more rare or novel genotypes)

Question 7

What are the disadvantages to sexual reproduction?

Answer 7

• energetically costly

- males do not directly produce offspring

Question 8

What is asexual reproduction?

Answer 8

• involves only one parent
• no special reproductive organs or cells (no formation of gametes)
• produces genetically identical offspring (clones)
• widespread in bacteria, unicellular eukaryotes, and many invertebrates
• rare among vertebrates

Question 9

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

Answer 9

• quick and energy efficient

Question 10

What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

Answer 10

• phenotypic diversity depends on mutation

- they can’t produce a genome with less deleterious mutations than the parent

Question 11

What are the types of asexual reproduction?

Answer 11

1) Binary fission
2) Multiple fission
3) Budding
4) Gemmulation
5) Fragmentation

Question 12

What is binary fission?

Answer 12

• common among bacteria and protozoa
• the parent divides by mitosis into two parts
• each grows into an individual similar to the parent

Question 13

What is multiple fission or Schizogony?

Answer 13

• nucleus divides repeatedly

- cytoplasmic division then produces many daughter cells simultaneously

Question 14

What is budding?

Answer 14

• unequal division of an organism
• bud is an outgrowth of the parent
• develops organs and then detaches

Question 15

What is gemmulation?

Answer 15

• formation of a new individual from an aggregation of cells

- cells are surrounded by a resistant capsule (a gemmule)

Question 16

What is fragmentation?

Answer 16

• like binary fission for multicellular animals
• breaks into two or more fragments that become a new individual
  different from budding because each fragment grows new parts

Question 17

What are the types of sexual reproduction?

Answer 17

1) Bisexual reproduction
2) Hermaphroditism
3) Parthenogenesis

Question 18

What is bisexual reproduction?

Answer 18

• most common form
• male and female gametes (sperm or egg) are produced
• two haploid (n) gametes combine to form a zygote (2n)

Question 19

What is hermaphroditism?

Answer 19

• male and female organs occur in same individual

- most avoid self-fertilization

Question 20

What is parthenogenesis?

Answer 20

• embryo develops from unfertilized egg

- sperm may activate but not fuse with egg

Question 21

What is dioecious?

Answer 21

• having male and female gonads in separate individuals

- nearly all vertebrates and many invertebrates

Question 22

What is monoecious?

Answer 22

• having both male and female gonads in the same organism (hermaphroditic)
• many sessile, burrowing invertebrates are hermaphroditic (some vertebrates and most avoid self-fertilization)

Question 23

What is oviparous?

Answer 23

• reproduction in which eggs are released by the female
• development of offspring occurs outside the maternal body
• external or internal fertilization

Question 24

What is viviparous?

Answer 24

• reproduction in which eggs develop within the female body, which provides nutritional aid
• internal fertilization

Question 25

What is ovoviviparous?

Answer 25

• reproduction in which eggs develop within the maternal body without additional nourishment from the parent
• hatch within the parent or immediately after laying
• internal fertilization
• derive nourishment from yolk, not from mother