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Organisms 2 > Arthropoda > Flashcards

Arthropoda Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basics to the Phylum Arthropoda?

A
  • Hard exoskeleton
  • Jointed legs
  • Many paired limbs
  • Very successful phylum
  • More than 80% of all described species are Arthropods (Most of these are insects)
  • 3 germ layers
  • Coelomate
  • Mouth formed from blastopore
  • Complete gut
  • Mostly sexual reproduction
  • Bilateral symmetry
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2
Q

What are the Subphylum’s to the phylum Arthropoda?

A

Chelicerata
Myriapoda
Crustacea
Hexapoda

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3
Q

What is the subphylum Chelicerata?

A
  • Spiders, ticks, mites, horseshoe crab, scorpion
  • 8 legs
  • 2 tagmata (cephalothorax and abdomen)
  • No antennae
  • Most have 6 pairs of cephalothoracic appendages
    1 pair of chelicerae (mouthparts)
    1 pair of pedipalps (second pair of appendages)
    4 pairs of walking legs
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4
Q

What is the subphylum Myriapoda?

A
  • Millipedes and centipedes
  • Number of legs is variable
  • 2 tagmata (head and trunk)
  • 1 pair pf antennae
  • Paired appendages on most of trunk segments
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5
Q

What is the subphylum Crustacea?

A
  • Lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, crabs, water fleas, copepods and barnacles
  • 6 legs
  • 2 tagmata (cephalothorax and abdomen)
  • 2 pairs of antennae
  • Appendages on each body segment (variable number)
  • Only arthropod subphylum that is primarily aquatic
  • Most free living, but some are sessile, commensal or parasitic
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6
Q

What is the subphylum Hexapoda?

A
  • Mainly insects: butterflies, bees, wasps, flies, beetles, moths
  • 6 legs
  • 3 tagmata (head, thorax, abdomen)
  • 1 pair of antennae
  • Appendages are on the head and thorax
  • Class Entognatha
    small class
    wingless
    base of mouthparts enclosed
  • Class Insecta
    enormous group
    base of mouthparts visible
    usually two pairs of wings on thorax
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7
Q

What are the adaptations of Arthropods?

A

1) Versatile exoskeleton
2) Segmentation and specialized appendages
3) Air piped directly to cells
4) Highly developed sensory organs
5) Complex behaviours
6) Trophic breadth through metamorphosis

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8
Q

Explain the exoskeleton

A
  • External skeleton (called the cuticle in arthropods and nematodes)
  • Cuticle is secretes by the underlying epidermis
  • The cuticle contains chitin, a nitrogenous polysaccharide
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9
Q

What is the cuticle?

A
  • Heavy (limits body size)
  • Hard and waterproof (great protection)
  • Thin and flexible between segments (permits free movement of joints)
  • The cuticle is secreted not grown
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10
Q

What does moulting mean?

A
  • Exoskeleton doesn’t expand, no room for growth
  • To increase body size, arthropods must molt
  • Moulting means shed old feathers, hair, skin or shell to make way for new growth
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11
Q

What is ecdysis?

A

Shedding of outer cuticle, as in insects or crustaceans

 - a more specific term than moult 
 - defining feature of the clade ecdysozoa
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12
Q

Explain segmentation

A
  • Arthropods exhibit metamerism (segmentation)
  • Segments often combined or fused into functional groups, called tagmata
  • Appendages are also often differentiated (specialized for walking, swimming, flying, eating)
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13
Q

What is a tagmata?

A

Compound body section of an arthropod resulting from embryonic fusion of two or more segments

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14
Q

What are the types of circulatory systems?

A

Closed

Open

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15
Q

What is the closed circulatory system?

A
  • Blood is contained within vessels

- Vertebrates and some invertebrates

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16
Q

What is the open circulatory system?

A
  • Blood is confined to vessels in only a portion of circuit through body
  • Blood mixes with interstitial fluids in the hemocoel
  • Because it is mixed with fluid, it is properly called hemolymph
  • Arthropods and some molluscs
17
Q

What is their respiration?

A
  • In vertebrates, oxygen is carried and delivered to cells through the blood
  • Most land arthropods use a system of air tubes called tracheae for gas exchange (hemolymph does not carry oxygen in these species)
  • The tracheae branch to more and more narrow tubes
  • They deliver oxygen directly to tissues and cells through holes or valves
  • Aquatic arthropods breathe mainly through gills
18
Q

Explain the highly developed sensory organs

A
  • Compound eye
  • Some have antennae
  • Keenly alert to environmental stimuli
19
Q

Explain their complex behaviours

A
  • Most behaviour is innate (unlearned)
  • Many arthropods also demonstrate learned behaviours
  • Social insects are capable of most basic forms of learning used by mammals, but not of insight learning
20
Q

What is insight learning?

A

When faced with a new problem, can organize memories to construct a new response

21
Q

What is metamorphosis?

A
  • Sharp change in form during postembryonic development
  • Occurs in any species with indirect development
  • Particularly striking in insects
  • Larval and adult forms live in different niches; have difference sources of food, experience different selective pressures
22
Q

What are the types of development?

A

Ametabolous (direct)
Hemimetabolous (indirect)
Holometabolous (indirect)

23
Q

Explain ametabolous development

A
  • Direct development
  • Young or juveniles are similar to adults except in size and sexual maturation
  • A few (primitive wingless) insects exhibit this type of development
  • Egg, juvenile, adult
24
Q

Briefly explain the indirect development

A
  • Passes through larval stage capable of feeding itself

- Undergoes metamorphosis to reach adult stage

25
Q

Explain hemimetabolous development

A
  • Incomplete metamorphosis
  • Wings develop externally as budlike growths
  • Nymph resembles adult in form and eating habits
  • Nymph differs from adult in size, body proportion, and colour pattern
  • Egg, nymph, adult
26
Q

Explain holometabolous development

A
  • Approx 88% of insects undergo this
  • Complete metamorphosis
  • Separate stages for growth (larva), differentiation (pupa), and reproduction (adult)
  • Larva are wormlike
  • Pupae are usually inactive (non feeding) and enveloped by a case
  • No further moulting occurs in adult stages
  • Egg, larva, pupa, adult

Organisms 2 (23 decks)

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