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Organisms 2 > Fungi and Porifera > Flashcards

Fungi and Porifera Flashcards

1
Q

What are the levels of organismal complexity?

A
  • Protoplasmic
  • Cellular
  • Cell tissue
  • Tissue organ
  • Organ system
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2
Q

What is protoplasmic?

A

unicellular organisms

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3
Q

What is cellular?

A
  • Can be
    Colonial = aggregation of undifferentiated cells
    Multicellular = aggregation of cells that are functionally different
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4
Q

What are cell-tissue?

A
  • Cells aggregate into patterns or layers
  • Tissue = group of similar cells organized to perform a common function
  • True tissue secretes extracellular matrix in form of a basement membrane on which cells sit
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5
Q

What are tissue-organ?

A
  • Organs contain more than one type of tissue

- More specialized function

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6
Q

What are organ-system?

A

Organs work together in a system

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7
Q

Examples from the kingdom fungi

A

Yeasts
Rusts and Smuts
Mould anf Mildew
Mushrooms

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8
Q

What is the kingdom fungi?

A
  • Unicellular and multicellular species
  • Originally classified as plants (fungi do not have chlorophyll)
  • Have cell walls, but these are composed of chitin, not cellulose
    Chitin is a nitrogenous polysaccharide
  • Important ecological function (decomposers)
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9
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

plants, algae, cyanobacteria

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10
Q

Photoheterotrophs

A

some prokaryotes

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11
Q

chemoautotrophs

A

some prokaryotes

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12
Q

chemoheterotrophs

A

animals, fungi

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13
Q

What is the nutrition in fungi?

A
  • Extracellular digestion

- Release digestive enzymes into the environment and then absorb nutrients through their cell walls

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14
Q

Why are Porifera interesting?

A
  • These are sponges
  • Simplest multicellular metazoans
  • May seem like plants (they are animals)
  • Common household object
  • Beautiful shapes and colours
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15
Q

Intro to Phylum Porifera

A
  • No organs or true tissues
  • No nervous system or sense organ
  • Adults sessile and attached
  • Limited body movement
  • High totipotency
  • All are aquatic (mostly marine)
  • Radial symmetry or no symmetry
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16
Q

What is a sponge?

A

An assemblage of cells embedded in an extracellular matrix and supported by a skeleton of minute needlelike spicules and protein

17
Q

What is the extracellular matrix (ECM)?

A

A collection of extracellular molecules secreted by support cells that provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells

18
Q

What is the basic form?

A 
- Only body openings are pores 
      Many tiny Ostia for incoming water 
      One to several large oscula as water outlets 
- Openings can be connected by canals 
- Three basic forms 
      Asconoid (flagellated spongocoel)
      Syconoid (flagellated canals)
      Leuconoid (flagellated chambers)
19
Q

What is asconoid sponges?

A
  • Water enters through ostia into spongocoel
  • Spongocoel is lines with choanocytes
  • Water is pulled out of a single large osculum
  • Small and tube shaped
  • Size limited (large spongocoel would create dead space)
20
Q

What is a syconoid sponge?

A
  • Water movement
    In through incurrent canals
    Into radial canals through prosopyles
    Into spongocoel through apopyles
    Exits through osculum
  • Radial canals are lined with choanocytes
  • Same as asconoid but the body wall is evaginated to form canals
21
Q

What is a leuconoid sponge?

A
  • Most have numerous oscula
  • No spongocoel
    Incurrent canals
    Flagellated chambers
    Excurrent canals
  • Flagellated chambers are lined with choanocytes
  • Increased efficiency
  • Can grow bigger
22
Q

Cell Types

A
  • Cells are
    Arranged in layers (choanoderm and pinacoderm)
    Or loosely arranged in the meshy (ECM)
  • Small section through sponge wall, showing 4 types of sponge cells. Pinacocytes are protective and contractile; choanocytes create water currents and engulf food particles; archeocytes have a variety of functions, including phagocytosis of food particles and differentiation into other cell types.
23
Q

What are the cell types?

A

Pinacocyte
Porocytes
Choanocytes
Archaeocyte

24
Q

What are pinacocyte?

A
  • Epithelial type cells

- Closest thing to a tissue in a sponge

25
Q

What are porocytes?

A
  • Pore cells

- Only in asconoid sponges

26
Q

What are Choanocyte?

A
  • Flagellated collar cells
  • One end embedded in meshy, other end exposed
  • Move water, collect food particles and consume by phagocytosis
  • Exposed end: flagellum surrounded by a collar of microvilli
  • Collar forms a filtering device for food particles
  • Food ingested by phagocytosis
27
Q

What are Archaeocyte?

A
  • Amoeboid cells
  • Move through mesohyl
  • Receive particles for digestion from choanocytes
  • Transport food to other cells
  • Transport oxygen to other cells
28
Q

Skeleton types

A
  • Skeleton prevents collapse of canals and chambers
  • Fibrils of collagen occur through ECM of all sponges
    Collagen is a major structural protein for metazoans
    Found in hair, nails, and many other tissues in humans
  • Spongin
    A form of collagen secreted by Class Demospongiae
    Forms the skeletal network of some sponges
  • Spicules
    Many different shapes - can be used to classify sponges
29
Q

What is the sponge physiology?

A
  • Feed on particles suspended in the water
  • Respiration and excretion are performed by diffusion
  • Archaeocytes transports oxygen, nutrients to other parts of the sponge
  • Dependent on a current of water flowing through body
30
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of particles or molecules form an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration oxygen in carbon dioxide out

31
Q

What is the reproduction of sponges?

A
  • All reproduce both sexually and asexually

- Most sponges are monoecious in sexual reproduction

32
Q

Explain the asexual reproduction

A
  • Fragmentation
  • Budding
  • Gemmulation
    Dormant masses that form under unfavourable conditions
    Can survive drought, freezing, no oxygen
    When favourable conditions return, Archaeocytes within
    gemmules escape and develop into new sponges
33
Q

Explain the sexual reproduction

A
  • Sperm and oocytes can develop from choanocytes (or sometimes archaeocytes)
  • Most sponges are viviparous
    Sperm release in water
    Taken up into the canal system of another individual
    Choanocytes phagocytize the sperm, and carry them through
    the meshy to the oocytes
    Zygote is retuned in parent
    A ciliated larva is released (indirect development)
  • Some sponges are oviparous
    Oocytes and sperm are released into water
34
Q

What is the ecological relationships?

A 
- Other animals grow in or on sponges 
     Commensals or parasites 
     Living hotels
- Sponges grow on other animals 
- Unappetizing to potential predators 
- Decorator crab 
      Sponge crab

Organisms 2 (23 decks)

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