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Intro to PT > Intro to PT Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Intro to PT Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Systems review

Cardiovascular and Pulminary

A

HR, Respiratory Rate, Edema

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2
Q

Systems review

Integumentary system

A

scar formation, pliablility, skin color, skin integrity

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3
Q

Systems review

musculoskeletal system

A

gross symmetry, gross range of motion, gross strength, height, and weight

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4
Q

Systems review

neuromuscular system

A

gross coordinated movement (eg, balance, gait, locomotion, transfers, and transitions) and motor function (motor control and motor learning)

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5
Q

Systems review

communication ability, affect, cognition, language, and learning

A

ssessment of the individual’s ability to make needs known, consciousness, orientation (person, place, and time), expected emotional/behavioral responses, and learning preferences (eg, learning barriers, education needs). The systems review for a pediatric patient also may include consideration of the safety and well-being, nutrition, behavior and attention, and self-determination.

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6
Q

Dysfunctions of musculoskeletal system

A

may be result of traumatic or repeated stress to tissue, structural imbalances of muscle or bone, congenital conditions, surgery or degenerative changes.

Result in: weakness or fatigue, pain, stiffness, edema, los of ROM.

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7
Q

PTs to diagnose must

A

understand anatomy, biomechanics, pathokeinesiology, and exercise physiology.

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8
Q

Chronic Pain

A

pain that lingers long after the initial injury

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9
Q

Acute pain

A

pain felt immediatly after an injury
CDC - non pharmacologic therapies, including physical therapy… can amerliorate chronic pain.

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10
Q

Systemic Diseases that impair musculoskeletal system:

A

rheumatoid arthritis, obesity or cancer.

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11
Q

Subjective examination

A

verbal description of the condition

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12
Q

Objective examination

A

Quantitative measurements to determine status of the body and the condition

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13
Q

History

A

Current and past health status. Interview of patient + health record + consulting with health care team.

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14
Q

Therapeutic alliance

A

insight into the patient’s view of the problem and facilitate patient motivation and improve outcomes. Develops as part of interview.

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15
Q

Patient interview

A

”s” information in soap note - often gives enough information to make a list of possible diagnoses.

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16
Q

ROS review of systems

A

Objective portion of soap note. systems review assists the therapist in plan of care and may identify further health problems that require consultation.

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17
Q

Tests and measures

A

Baseline values for things. Assist in reaching diagnosis.

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18
Q

Observation

A

Looking phase of examination - for instance, standing or sitting postures of patient and asymmetric body contours, swelling. abnormal curvature of the spine and joint subluxations. Preliminary gait assessment.

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19
Q

Active rainge of motion

A

ability to move a limb voluntarily through an arc of mevement.

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20
Q

PROM

A

amount of movement that is obtained by the therapist moving the segment without assistance from the patient.

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21
Q

Hypomobile joint

A

less motion than is considered functional

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22
Q

Hypermobile joint

A

excessive motion

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23
Q

goniometry

A

most common measurement technique to document amount of joint motion available.

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24
Q

ROM comparisons

A

typically compared to ROM on unaffected side.

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25
Q

Strength

A

amount of force produced during voluntary muscular contraction

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26
Q

Resisted test

A

assessing the status of the muscles and tendons. this determines the general strength of a muscle group and shows if the group is weak or painful.

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27
Q

manual muscle testing (MMT)

A

specific grade to a specific muscle.
Grade 0 - Zero (0/5): No contraction.

Grade 1 - Trace (1/5): Slight contraction, no movement.

Grade 2- - Poor Minus (2-/5): Less than full ROM in a gravity-eliminated position.

Grade 2 - Poor (2/5): Full ROM in a gravity-eliminated position.

Grade 2+ - Poor Plus (2+/5): Moves through partial ROM against gravity.

Grade 3- - Fair Minus (3-/5): Moves through more than half ROM against gravity but less than full ROM.

Grade 3 - Fair (3/5): Full ROM against gravity but no additional resistance.

Grade 3+ - Fair Plus (3+/5): Full ROM against gravity with minimal resistance.

Grade 4- - Good Minus (4-/5): Full ROM against gravity with less than moderate resistance.

Grade 4 - Good (4/5): Full ROM against gravity with moderate resistance.

Grade 4+ - Good Plus (4+/5): Full ROM against gravity with nearly maximal resistance.

Grade 5 - Normal (5/5): Full ROM against gravity with maximal resistance.

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28
Q

Flexibility

A

ability to move a lim segment through a specific ROM.

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29
Q

Accessory motion

A

soft tissue surrounding the joint must be pliable to allow movement between joint surfaces. The ability of the joint surfaces, to glide, roll, and spin on each other. ability of crossing muscles to lengthen

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30
Q

Flexibility importance

A

posture and body mechanics.

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31
Q

90 90 STRAIGHT LEG RAISE

A

measures flexibility of hamstring.

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32
Q

Functional tests

A

ability to perform activities of daily living.

Eating
Dressing and undressing
Bathing and grooming
bed and bathroom
Transfer and ambulatory
other - like dial a telephone, use a sicors. et cetra.

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33
Q

More agressive functional tests

A

hop test, jump tests, lunge tests, excursion tests, and balance tests.

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34
Q

Outcome measures

A

Standardized tests that measure an actual or percieved activity limitation and participation restriction. measure initial degree of limitation and compare to changes after treatment. SF-36 PSFS.

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35
Q

Outcome measures

SF-36

A

Medical Outcomes Study 36-item short form.

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36
Q

Outcome measures

PSFS

A

patient specific functional scale - five activities theat they are having difficulty in performing because of their injury or condition.

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37
Q

Lower Extremity functional scale

A

Lists 20 activities and asks if the lower limb problem is causing problems. Patient rates 0-extreme difficulty or unable to 4 no difficulty and then is given a score out of 80 possible points.

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38
Q

Special tests

A

examine individual joints to indicate the presence or absence of a particular problem to confirm or reinforce diagnosis.

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39
Q

special tests

A

Phalen test for nerve compression

Special tests

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40
Q
A

Hawkins test for shoulder impingement

Special tests

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41
Q
A

ACL Lachman test

Special tests

42
Q

Palpation

A

to assess what is going on below the skin and what musculoskeletal structures rare involved in an injury.

43
Q

MSK US

A

diagnostic ultrasound that uses soundwaves to bounce off tissues and produce an image.

musculoskeletal ultrasonography

44
Q

Other imaging from other medical professionals

A

CT MRI - important for PT to incoporate the results of medical imaging into the clinical decision-making process.

45
Q

Regional interdependence

A

refers to the relationship that exists between anatomical regions of the body. For instance a pain in the knee could be because of a muscle imballance at the hip. Proximal and distal regions should be considered.

45
Q

Goals

A

decrease pain, edema, increase strength and motion. Long term goal:
optimal level of functioning.

46
Q

Plan of Care

A

Which interventions will result in improvement in a patient’s function.
Goals of patient and desired outcome.

47
Q

Intervations

A

patient client instruction, biophysical agents, manual techniques (including soft tissue and joint mobilization), therapeutic exercise, and home exercise programs.

48
Q

Patient/client education

A

educating patient about diagnosis and about exercises to be performed at home. Chronic pain causing changes in the brain also mentioned. Healthy habits. Body mechanics.

 Must consider personal issues, such as culture,
values, and so on
 Information on the diagnosis
 Explanation, demonstration of exercises

49
Q

Biophysical agents

A

Thermal agents, ultrasound, electrotherapy. TENS. NMES - whirlpool

50
Q

Paraffin treatment

A

135 degree paraffin wax. Hand or foot put in.

51
Q

Fuidotherapy

A

corncobs finaely chopped to a sawdust type substance. Heated to the desired stemp and circulated by air pressure around the involved body part.

52
Q

Ultrasound

A

high-frequency sound waves penetrate tissue and increase tissue temp. to promote healing and reduce pain.

53
Q

short-wave diathermy

A

use of electromagnetic energy to produce deep therapeutic heating effects.

54
Q

Cryotherapy.

A

physical agent of choice for patients who have acute injuries with sewlling or pain. reduce post-exercise soreness. Cod packs, ice massage, or cold used in conjunction with compression.

55
Q

TENS

A

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation - treatment of pain in lower back. Electrodes placed on skin that stimulate muscles and nerves to reduce pain and swelling, increase strength, ROM and wound healing.

56
Q

Additional biophysical agents

A

mechanical traction, hyperbaric oxygen, biofeedback, laser therapy, and extracorpreal shockwave therapy.

57
Q

ESWT

A

Extracorpreal Shockwave Therapy - high pressure sonic waves that penetrate through human tissue.

58
Q

Manual Therapy techniques

A

soft tissue techniques and joint mobilization

59
Q

Soft Tissue techniques

A

include masage, myofacial release, neural tissue mobilization and dry needling.

60
Q

Soft Tissue techniques

massage

A

involves the systematic use of various manual strokes to produce certain physiologic, mechanical and psychological effects.
Sweedish - relax
vigorous- before activity to promote blood flow
transverse friction massage - promote proper healing and flexibility.

61
Q

Soft Tissue techniques

Myofascial release

A

stretching layers of the body’s fascia. soften restrictions that are limiting normal movement.

62
Q

Neural tissue mobilization

A

addresses issues that arise because of a decreased ability of neural tissue to slide and glide through and along connective tissue.

Nerves are moved and stretched to allow for normal movement.

63
Q

Dry Needling

A

Putting needles into trigger points to reduce pain and muscle tension.

64
Q

Joint Mobilization

A

used when a patient’s disfunction is the result of joint stiffness or hypomobility

applies specific passive movements of varying amplitude to a joint, in either an oscillatory or a sustained manner.

65
Q

Therapeutic Exercise

A

Core of most rehabilitation programs. human body has the ability to react and respond to physical stresses placed on it.

66
Q

ROM AROM and PROM

A

Passive Range of Motion - therapist moves involved part
Active assisted range of motion - Pt moves through part of range, therapist moves involved part rest of range.
Active range of motion - pt moves involved part through the range

67
Q

active free exercise

A

exercises in which patient doesn’t recieve any support or resistence. example: pendulum exercises.

68
Q

active-resisted exercies

A

external force resists the movement.

69
Q

Muscular strength

A

is the maximal amount of tension an individual can produce in one repetition (low reps.)

70
Q

Muscle endurance

A

ability to produce and sustain tension over a prolong period (high reps)

71
Q

Muscle power

A

amount of work produced by the muscle in a given amount of time. (jumping)

72
Q

classification of resisted exercises

Isometric

A

muscle contraction without visible joint movement - pushing against a wall.

73
Q

classification of resisted exercises

Isotonic concentric

A

Muscle contraction that controls joint motion, resulting in muscle shortening - Curl dumbell up.

74
Q

Isotonic eccentric

A

Muscle contraction that produces or conrols joint motion, resulting in muscle lenggthening - exteding elbow with dumbell in a controlled manner.

75
Q

Isokinetic

A

A concentric or eccentric muscle contraction that occurs at a constant speed- knee extension using a isokinnetic device.

76
Q

Core strengthening

A

strengthening of the deep postural muscles of the lumbar and cirvical spine.

77
Q

Flexibility exercise

A

soft tissue has ability to change length and adapt over time in response to stress.

78
Q

contract-relax

A

requires the shortened muscle actively contract before stretching force is applied.

79
Q

Balance

A

ability to maintain body position in equilibrium. Nervous and musculoskeletal systems to interact with environment.

80
Q

Bosu

A

balance trainer.

81
Q

aerobic training

A

exercise performed over a long period at low intensity. Large muscle groups in a rhythmic type of activity.

82
Q

functional exercises

A

exercises mimicking functional movements and activities.

83
Q

closed kinetic chain exercise

A

when one joint affects the movement at other joints and the distal segment is not free to move. example: squats, pushups

84
Q

open kinetic chain exercise

A

end limb segment distal is free to move. example leg extension machine

85
Q

Aquatic Therapy

A

Greeks aad Romens used therapeutic bths for relaxation and pain reduction.
1920s- poliomyelitis children

86
Q

Aquatic Physical Therapy

A

beneficial for a variety of orthopaedic dysfunctions. - buoyancy, viscosity and hydrostatic pressure both physiologic and phsychological. Lower impact. Relaxation and warmthh - psychological.

87
Q

Home exercise program

A

allows the patient to assume responsibility for their care. Only performing exercises in the clinic is usually not suffiicient.

88
Q

Bursitis

A

Inflammation of bursae (fluid-filled sacs that decrease
friction)

Overuse Injuries

89
Q

Tendinopathy

A

 Tendinitis (inflammation of the tendon)

 Tendinosis (degenerative changes from overuse)

Overuse Injuries

90
Q

Nerve entrapment

A

Pressure on peripheral nerve from surrounding
structures

Overuse Injuries

91
Q

Ligament sprain

A

Overstretched

Traumatic Injuries

92
Q

Fracture

A

Bone breaks

Traumatic Injuries

93
Q

Muscle strain

A

Tear of muscle fiber

Traumatic Injuries

94
Q

Total joint arthroplasty

A

Replacement of joint with artificial surfaces

Surgical Conditions

95
Q

Amputation

A

Removal of part of entire limb

Surgical Conditions

96
Q

Medical Conditions

A

Rheumatoid arthritis
 Obesity
 Cancer
 May cause pain, weakness, and loss of function

97
Q

Evaluation

A

The evaluation is a clinical judgment based on
the findings of the examination and identifies:
 Impairments
 Activity limitations
 Participation restrictions

98
Q

diagnosis

A

provides a categorization of the
findings.

99
Q

The prognosis, or prediction of level of
improvement, includes:

A

Creating a plan of care (identifies goals, outcomes,
interventions)
 Short-term goals for musculoskeletal conditions,
commonly:
* Decrease pain and edema
* Increase strength and motion
 Long-term goals
* Achieve an optimal level of function

Intro to PT (12 decks)

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