Intro To Psychology

Question 1

What is an experiment?

Answer 1

A hypothesis is tested and variables are controlled

Question 2

What is the purpose of a control group?

Answer 2

Baseline comparison group

Question 3

What are demand characteristics?

Answer 3

• The aim is guessed
• try to make sense of the situation
• participants act how they think they should

Question 4

What is operationalisation?

Answer 4

Make independent and dependent variable testable and measurable

Question 5

What is a directional hypothesis?

Answer 5

States direction of predicted difference between conditions

Question 6

What is a non-directional hypothesis?

Answer 6

Predicts difference between conditions without stating it

Question 7

What is a null hypothesis?

Answer 7

Predicts no difference between conditions

Question 8

What does scientific mean?

Answer 8

Observable behaviour objectively measured

Question 9

What are extraneous variables?

Answer 9

Variables that effect dependent but not independent variable

Question 10

What are confounding variables?

Answer 10

Variables that systematically change with the independent variable

Question 11

Give an example of an extraneous variable?

Answer 11

individual differences

Question 12

What are investigator effects?

Answer 12

Unwanted influence by investigator on results

Question 13

What is standardisation?

Answer 13

Participants subject to same environment, information and experience

Question 14

What does randomisation help to reduce?

Answer 14

• extraneous variables
• confounding variables
• investigator effects

Question 15

What is an experimental design?

Answer 15

How participants are allocated to conditions

Question 16

What is the independent groups design?

Answer 16

Different groups take part in each condition of independent variable

Question 17

What are strengths of using independent groups design?

Answer 17

• more valid

- less likely to guess aim

Question 18

What is the repeated measures design?

Answer 18

Same groups take part in each condition of independent variable

Question 19

What are the strengths of using a repeated measures design?

Answer 19

• less participant variables

- more reliable

Question 20

What is the matched pairs design?

Answer 20

Participants matched on significant variables that may effect dependent variable

Question 21

What is validity?

Answer 21

The extent the experiment tested what it set out to measure

Question 22

What is external validity?

Answer 22

How generalisable the study is to other situations

Question 23

What is internal validity?

Answer 23

Whether research was sound

Question 24

Where does a lab experiment take place?

Answer 24

Highly controlled environment

Question 25

Where does a field experiment take place?

Answer 25

In a controlled natural setting

Question 26

What is a natural experiment?

Answer 26

Researchers takes advantage of pre-existing independent variable

Question 27

What is a quasi experiment?

Answer 27

Independent variable based on existing difference between people

Question 28

What is a population?

Answer 28

Group who are focus of researchers interest

Question 29

How do you select a sample?

Answer 29

• find people in target populate
• select a representative sample
• generalise results back to target population

Question 30

What are ethical issues?

Answer 30

conflict between participants rights and researchers needs to gain valuable findings

Question 31

What is informed consent?

Answer 31

Participants give permission to take part in study

Question 32

What do participants have to be aware of to give informed consent?

Answer 32

• aims

- what they are expected to do

Question 33

What is deception?

Answer 33

Participants have been told a false purpose for research

Question 34

What is harm?

Answer 34

Participants must not receive more harm than they do in everyday life

Question 35

What is confidentiality?

Answer 35

All information collected must be published in way that does not identify participants

Question 36

What is a naturalistic study?

Answer 36

Carried out in a natural setting

Question 37

What is a covert study?

Answer 37

Participants don’t know they are being observed

Question 38

What is a participant study?

Answer 38

Observer becomes part of group they are observing

Question 39

What is a non-participant study?

Answer 39

Researcher remains separate from group they are observing

Question 40

What is self report data?

Answer 40

Method involves stating own feelings, opinions, behaviours and experiences

Question 41

What are open questions?

Answer 41

No range of fixed answers

Question 42

What are closed questions?

Answer 42

Fixed number of answers

Question 43

What is the likert scale?

Answer 43

Indicates agreement to statements

Question 44

What does a rating scale show?

Answer 44

Indicate value that represents feeling on topic

Question 45

Name 3 types of interview

Answer 45

• structured
• unstructured
• semi structured

Question 46

What is a structured interview?

Answer 46

Predetermined questions asked in a fixed order

Question 47

What is an unstructured interview?

Answer 47

• no set questions just a general aim
• encouraged to expand
• questions developed from response

Question 48

What is a semi structured interview?

Answer 48

Composed of structured and unstructured questions