Attachment Flashcards
What is attachment?
- close 2 way bond between 2 individuals
- reciprocal
- seen as essential for development
What are the 3 characteristics of development?
- proximity
- separation distress
- secures base behaviour
What is reciprocity and what age does it occur?
- One after the other
- 3 months +
What is interactional reciprocity?
At the same time
What is proximity?
Close to or dependent on care giver
What is separation distress?
How distressed infant is when separated from care giver
What is secure base behaviour?
Infant explores independently but returns to care giver
What did brazelton 1975 find (attachment)?
- mother infant interactions are like a dance
- infants signals have regularity and rhythm
- reciprocity provides template of communication
What did trevathen find (attachment)?
Reciprocity is important for development of social language skills
What did tonrick et al carry out and find (attachment)?
- had mother’s stop dialogue with infants and have a still face while interacting
- infants showed distress
What did Isabella et all observe and find (attachment)?
- observed 30 infant mother pairs, assessing degree of synchrony
- high levels of synchrony is associated with better quality of attachment
What did meltoff and Moore 1977 observe and find (attachment)?
- observer interactional synchrony in infants (as young as 2 weeks old)
- association between expressions or gestures adult displayed and actions or babies
What did Schaffer and Emerson find about the role of that father?
mother is the primary attachment, father is a secondary one
What was the aim, sample, method, procedure and findings of grossman 2004 study on the role of the father?
- aim= find the role of the father in attachment
- sample= 44 families
- method= longitudinal
- procedure= compare role of fathers and mothers contribution to child’s attachment at different ages (6,10 and 16)
- findings= quality of fathers play was more important than quality of attachment (75% formed attachment to father within 18 months)
What were fields procedure and findings for role of the father study?
- procedure= 4 month old infants filmed in face to face interaction with: primary mother, secondary father and primary father
- findings= primary father spent more time smiling, imitating and holding infant (similar to primary mother)
What is stranger anxiety?
How distressed infant is in presence of a stranger
What is response to reunion?
How infant behaves when primary care giver returns
What was the aim of the strange situation study?
Find security of attachment between infant and care giver
What sample was used during the strange situation study?
106 middle class American mother and infants (12-18 months)
What was the procedure of the strange situation study and what did each step show?
- infant plays with mother (exploration and secure base)
- stranger enters and tries to interact (stranger anxiety)
- mother leaves and stranger tries to comfort (separation and stranger anxiety)
- mother enters and offers comfort, stranger leaves (response to reunion)
- mother leaves, stranger enters and offers comfort (separation anxiety and stranger anxiety)
- mother enters and offers comfort (response to reunion)
What are the 3 types of attachment?
- insecure resistant
- insecure avoidant
- secure
What are some of the characteristics of an insecure resistant child?
- seek greater proximity
- explore less
- seek and resist intimacy
- intense stranger and separation anxiety
What are some of the characteristics of an insecure avoidant child?
- don’t use care giver as secure base
- little response to reunion
- independently explore
- little separation and stranger anxiety
What are some of the characteristics of a securely attached child?
- happy to explore
- use care giver as a secure base
- mild stranger and separation anxiety
- seek mother in reunion
