Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY EXAM > Intro to Physiology > Flashcards

Intro to Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is Anatomy?

A

The consideration of the structure of living things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Physiology?

A

The study of the function of living things. E.g. processes like nutrition, movement and reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the first level of organisation?

A

Cells - the smallest unit able to carry out functional processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some of the basic functions that cells perform?

A

Waste elimination, self regulation, obtaining energy and raw materials, repair damage to the cell, homeostatic properties, self-replication and controlling exchanges between cell and environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

Process whereby cells become specialised for different functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is it that cells are specialised?

A

Different genes are switched on and off in each of the specialised cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are some examples of specialised cells?

A

Gland cells secrete digestive enzymes, Kidney cells retain substances needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pluripotent Stem Cells in the embryo differentiate into mature specialised cells such as?

A

Neural cells, cardiac muscle or blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the role of stem cells in adult organisms?

A

They can replace themselves by generating more stem cells which can differentiate into one or more distinct cell types.
Assist in normal body development and repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the second level of organisation?

A

Tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the epithelial tissue?

A

Sheets of tightly packed cells which line organs and cavities to prevent dehydration. It also provides sensory surfaces, a first barrier from infection and secretes materials. Squamous or simple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is muscular tissue?

A

Layers of cells which are specialised for contraction and force generation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is nervous tissue?

A

Cells that are specialised for electrical signal transmission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Supports and anchors body parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is simple squamous tissue?

A

Single layer of flat cells which lines blood vessels, air sacs and lungs. Allows for exchange of nutrients, gases and waste.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is simple cuboidal tissue?

A

Single layer of cube like cells that lines the kidneys, tubules and glands. Secretes and reabsorbs water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is simple columnar tissue?

A

Lines most digestive organs and absorbs nutrients and secretes mucus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is stratified squamous tissue?

A

Several layers of flat cells that form the outer layer of skin, mouth and vagina. It protects against abrasion and drying out.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is stratified cuboidal tissue?

A

Layers of cube like cells that line ducts of sweat glands and secretes water and ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is stratified columnar tissue?

A

Lines epididymis, mammary glands and larynx. Secretes mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the difference between simple and squamous tissue?

A

Simple tissue is one layer thick whereas stratified tissue is multi-layered.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the main protein in connective tissue?

A

Collagen - most abundant protein in mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is loose connective tissue?

A

Contains elastic fibres. It’s located beneath the dermis of skin, digestive tract, between muscles and around joints. It cushions organs, provides support and contains phagocytic cells to provide defence against pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is adipose tissue?

A

Contains Adipocytes, it’s deep to the skin and provides padding around eyes, breasts and kidneys. It cushions shock and insulates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is dense connective tissue?

A

Contains lots of collagen fibers and fibroblast nuclei. It’s located between skeletal muscles and tendons. It provides firm attachment and reduces friction between muscles. Helps to prevent overexpansion of organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are collagenous fibers?

A

They bind bones and other tissues to each other and are made up of alpha polypeptide chains.

27
Q

What are elastic fibers?

A

They allow organs to expand and recoil. e.g. arteries and lungs. They are made up of elastic microfibril and elastin and are found in the extracellular matrix.

28
Q

What are reticular fibers?

A

They form a scaffolding for other cells. They are made up of type 3 collagen and are found in the liver, bone marrow and lymphatic organs.

29
Q

What is the third level of organisation?

A

Organs

30
Q

What are organs?

A

Two or more types of tissue organised so that together they perform a particular function e.g. stomach

31
Q

What is the fourth level of organisation?

A

Systems

32
Q

What are systems?

A

Systems are groups of organs that perform related functions and interact to accomplish a common activity

33
Q

What does: ‘In School My Nose Elongated Coz Lies Reeled Dangerously Unique Rage’ stand for? 11

A

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Circulatory, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary and Reproductive.

34
Q

How is the body set up?

A

Interior of body is separated from external environment by a layer of epithelial tissue.
The lumen of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary system is part of the external environment as openings.

35
Q

What are cells bathed in that means they are not in contact with the environment?

A

Extracellular Fluid (ECF) - aqueous internal environment

36
Q

What is the concept of an internal environment by Claude Bernard?

A

Le Milieu Interieur - Importance of cells being bathed in ECF compatible to their survival.

37
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

A homeostatic system that maintains its structure and functions by regulation. Deviation from a set point acts as a stimulus to send nerve impulses to the brain in order to alter internal environment. To maintain a constant internal environment.

38
Q

What 7 things does homeostasis regulate?

A

Concentration of energy rich molecules, concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide, concentration of waste products, pH, concentration of salts and other electrolytes, volume and pressure and temperature.

39
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Its the reaction to a triggered change in the internal environment that is deviated from set point. A reaction to oppose the change and return the variable to the set point is then triggered .

40
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

The enhancing or amplification of an effect that deviates from the set point in order to perform a certain function. e.g. action potentials and labour

41
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

A solution which bathes and surrounds cells. As blood circulates at high pressure, fluid is lost.

42
Q

If interstitial fluid passes out of the capillaries into tissues how does it re enter the circulatory system?

A

Plasma protein concentration at the venous end of capillaries is high and osmotic pressure draws fluid back into the capillary.

43
Q

What is another system of vessels that collects fluid?

A

Lymph vessels/Lymphatics

44
Q

How is lymph fluid formed?

A

When interstitial fluid escapes and enters a lymph capillary - contains the same components but location determines name of fluid.

45
Q

How are lymphatic capillaries formed?

A

Made up of a single layer of squamous epithelial cells which are slightly larger than blood vessels. Cells overlap and act as one way valves whereby the vessels are opened by pressure of the interstitial fluid.

46
Q

How does lymph move around the body if there is no heart?

A

Lymph vessels are surrounded by skeletal and smooth muscle which when contracts will propel the fluid forward. The flow of lymph is continued by breathing as the thorax creates a vacuum.

47
Q

What happens if there is an ability to move lymph?

A

Can result in an excess of interstitial fluid.

48
Q

How is excess fluid returned by the lymphatic system?

A

Lymphatic vessels return approx. 3L fluid to vascular system per day to ensure blood volume is sufficient. Leaked plasma proteins are also returned to the bloodstream.

49
Q

What are the four main functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  • Return tissue fluid to the blood stream
  • Transport fats from the digestive tract to the bloodstream
  • Remove bacteria and foreign bodies from lymph
  • Produce lymphocytes in order for production of antibodies
50
Q

What are lacteals?

A

A lymphatic capillary in villi of the small intestine that absorbs dietary fats. The fats are transported to the thoracic duct and then leaked into the bloodstream to be transported to the liver.

51
Q

How does the lymphatic system remove bacteria?

A

The lymph nodes act as filters with an internal honeycomb structure that traps foreign particles. Humans have approx. 500-600 nodes

52
Q

How does the lymphatic system fight infection?

A

Contains lymphocytes that protect the body against antigens that invade the body. They collect and destroy pathogens.

53
Q

What are the primary lymphatic organs?

A

Red bone marrow, Thymus gland and lymph nodes

54
Q

What are the secondary lymphatic organs?

A

Lymph nodules and spleen

55
Q

What is the role of the thymus gland?

A

Differentiation and maturation of T cells.

56
Q

What is immunity?

A

Specific resistance to disease using the production of specific lymphocytes or antibodies to fight against antigens.

57
Q

What do B cells produce?

A

Plasma cells, Memory cells and antibodies

58
Q

What do T cells produce?

A

Helper T cells, non specific killers, memory T cells

59
Q

What is a MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex)?

A

A protein that acts as a signpost that displays fragmented pieces of an antigen on the host cells surface.

60
Q

What is active acquired immunity?

A

Person makes own antibodies

61
Q

What is passive acquired immunity?

A

Person receives antibodies from someone else

62
Q

What is natural acquired immunity?

A

“Just happens”

63
Q

What is artificial acquired immunity?

A

Caused by man (usually vaccine)

ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY EXAM (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions