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Psyc375 > Intro To Pharmacology > Flashcards

Intro To Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Define neuropharmacology

A

Study of drug induced changes in the nervous system

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2
Q

Define psychopharmacology

A

Study of drug induced changes is cognition and behaviour and mood

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3
Q

Drug action

A

Specific molecular changes produced when drug binds to receptor

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4
Q

Drug effect

A

Widespread alterations in physiological or psychological functioning. Site of action can be very different than site of effect

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5
Q

Therapeutic effects vs side effects

A

Desired effects vs all other effects

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6
Q

Specific drug effects

A

Effects based on physical and biochemical activity of drug receptor interaction

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7
Q

Nonspecific drug effects

A

Effects based on individuals unique characteristics (i.e. Age, gender, etc.)

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8
Q

Placebo

A

Nonspecific drug effect that can have therapeutic and side effects despite being a pharmacologically inert substance

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9
Q

Naloxone

A

Opioid antagonist, also blocks placebo effect

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10
Q

Cholecystokinin

A

Peptide In GI, modulates nocebo effect

Inhibits opioids

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11
Q

Dopamine

A

Parkinson’s patients respond to placebo effects of treatments, positive and negative suggestions correlate with endogenous dopamine concentrations

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12
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

Factors contributing to bioavailability (administration, absorption, distribution, binding, inactivation, and excretion of a drug)

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13
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

Study of physiological and biochemical interactions of s drug with the target tissue responsible for drugs actions.

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14
Q

First pass metabolism

A

Chemicals passed via portal vein to liver to be metabolized, reduces bioavailability

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15
Q

Oral admin

A

Slow, variable absorption, safer

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16
Q

IV admin

A

Rapid, accurate concentration, more dangerous (OD, sterile)

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17
Q

IM admin

A

Slow, even absorption

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18
Q

Subcutaneous admin

A

Slow, prolonged absorption

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19
Q

Inhalation

A

Large SA, rapid onset

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20
Q

Topical admin

A

Localized action and effects

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21
Q

Transdermal

A

Controlled and prolonged absorption

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22
Q

Epidural admin

A

Bypass BBB, rapid CNS effect. Irreversible

23
Q

Lipid soluble drug absorption

A

Pass through plasma membrane easily

24
Q

Ionization of drugs

A

More ionization=less absorption
Depends on pKa and pH
Weak acids ionize better in alkaline environments and weak bases in acidic

25
Q

Lidocaine

A

Blocks sodium channels, results in inhibition of inhibitory, then excitatory CNS pathways

26
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Capillaries structured differently to restrict access of molecules
Astrocytes help maintain tight junctions
Incomplete at area postrema and median eminence

27
Q

Depot binding

A

Inactive sites where drugs can bind and be released later.

Competitive binding to a depot may increase concentrations of displaced drugs

28
Q

First order kinetics

A

Exponential elimination of free drug, 50% of drug is removed each time interval
Concentration dependent

29
Q

Half life

A

Amount of time required to remove half the drug from a system

30
Q

0 order kinetics

A

Constant removal rate of drug regardless of concentration

31
Q

Steady state plasma level

A

Point at which drug absorption is equal to drug metabolism

Approached after time period equal to five half lives

32
Q

Type 1/phase1 biotransformation

A

Nonsynthetic modifications; redox, hydrolysis. Usually decreases activity, but can produce active metabolites

33
Q

Type 2/ phase2 biotransformations

A

Synthetic modifications that require conjugation of the drug with a small molecule (ie methyl group) to produce less lipid soluble molecule (ionic)

34
Q

Microsomal enzymes

A

Enzymes in liver with low specificity to metabolize xenobiotics
Cytochrome p450

35
Q

Enzyme induction

A

Drug increases enzymes concentration, can also effect non target drug concentrations

36
Q

Enzyme inhibition

A

Drugs inhibiting action of enzymes ie MAOi

37
Q

Factors influencing drug metabolism

A

Enzyme induction/inhibition
Drug competition
Individual differences

38
Q

Up regulation

A

Increase in amount of receptors for given drug

39
Q

Down regulation

A

Reduction in number of receptors

40
Q

Dose response curve

A

Amount of effect for a given drug concentration

41
Q

Potency

A

Absolute amount of drug needed for effect

42
Q

Efficacy

A

Ability of drug to perform desired action

43
Q

Therapeutic index

A

ED50/LD50 margin of safety between how effective drug is and how much drug is needed for a lethal dose. Larger=more safe

44
Q

What is pharmacology?

A

Scientific study of the actions of drugs and their effects on living organisms

45
Q

Physiological antagonism

A

Two drugs produce opposite effects and reduce each other’s effectiveness

46
Q

Additive effects

A

Combined drug effects equals sum of each drug alone

47
Q

Potentiation

A

Combined drug effects are greater than the sum of individual drug effects

48
Q

Drug tolerance

A

Diminished response to drug administration after repeated exposure

49
Q

Sensitization

A

Enhancement of particular drug effects following repeated exposure to the drug

50
Q

Metabolic tolerance (drug disposition)

A

Repeated use of drug reduces amount of drug in target tissue (ie enzyme induction)

51
Q

Pharmacodynamic tolerance

A

Changes in nerve cell function compensate for continued presence of drug ie amount of receptors

52
Q

Behavioural tolerance

A

Context specific tolerance

53
Q

Proglumide

A

CCK antagonist, potentiates analgesic placebo effect

Psyc375 (6 decks)

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