intro to pharm review Flashcards
________________ are the gold standard of medications, must be proven to have the same therapeutic effect on the body no matter who makes it.
preferred agents
_________ is the study of what the body does to the drug when administered
pharmacokinetics
pharmacokinetics
is the study of what the body does to the drug when administered
the extent of absorption
bioavailability
bioavailability
the extent of absorption
typically less than 100% bioavailability
oral medications
oral medications typically have ________ bioavailability
less than 100%
IV medications typically have _____ bioavailability
100%
typically have 100% bioavailability
IV medications
______ – the extent of absorption ( is higher with an IV for example, is typically 100%)
bioavailability
______ – time for drug to actually illicit therapeutic response from administration
time to onset
______ – time for drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response
time to peak effect
_____ –the maximum concentration of the drug in the body after administration
peak level
______ – length of time the concentration of the drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to actually illicit a response
duration of action
Movement of a drug from its site of administration into the bloodstream for distribution to the tissues
absorption
Refers to the transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its intended site of action
distribution
if there is good blood supply there will be ______distribution
rapid
Most often occurs in the liver, but can happen in the skeletal muscle, kidneys, lungs, plasma and intestinal mucosa.
metabolism
______ – phenomenon where drug is metabolized in a certain part of the body and it is reduced by the time that it gets to the intended target site
first pass effect
________ is the fraction or %U of a drug that reaches systemic circulation, IV are 100 % bioavailable
bioavailability
primary organ of excretion?
kidney
(the bowels also excrete, but not as much)
Time required for one-half of a given drug to be removed from the body
half life
the interactions between the medicine and target cells, body systems, and organs to produce effects
pharmacodynamics
–through drug receptor interaction, so what happens is a drug molecule joins a reactive site on a cell to produce a response
receptor interactions
– enzymes are substances that break down almost every biochemical reaction in a cell, drugs can produce effects by interreacting with these enzyme systems by either inhibiting or enhancing the enzyme.
enzyme interactions
– actually interact with the cell membranes or cellular processes, drugs either physically or structurally interfere cellular processes. example is a cancer drug (pretty harsh)
nonselective interactions
two solutions mixed together than are ______, when they are mixed they create a precipitate which can cause an embolism, as well as the drugs not working properly
incompatible
–goes over the hospital to hold the standard of care where it needs to be.
the Joint commission (Medicare does this too)
– develop standards for nurses, do policy statements and resolutions
ANA
– promoting patients informed decision making, supporting their informed decision
autonomy
– doing or actively promoting good, whatever you do is to best help the patient
beneficence
– respecting privileged information, known when to include or not include family
confidentiality
– being fair and ethical in your actions
justice
– avoiding doing deliberate harm
nonmaleficence
– duty to tell the truth, informed consent
veracity
- Complete all forms including incident report according to facility policy and procedure
- Factual information only
- Avoid judgmental words
- Document changes in patient’s physical or mental status
- Document that physician was notified (who, time, follow-up actions/orders)
- Ongoing patient monitoring
reporting/documenting med error
Younger than 38 weeks of gestation is a ?
premature
Younger than 1 month?
neonate
1 month up to 1 year
infant
1 year up to 12 years
child
Immature Organs
Especially Liver and Kidneys excretion impaired
Limited medication-metabolizing capacity
Sensitivity of receptor sites vary with age
Skin is thinner
neonatal and pediatric patients characteristics that affect dosage
Rapidly developing tissues may be more sensitive to drugs
Stomach acid (pH) is less acidic decreased ability to kill bacteria
Lungs have weaker mucous barriers
Body temp is less well regulated and dehydration occurs easily
less stomach acid
peristalsis is slower
neonatal and pediatric patients characteristics that affect dosage
What trimester is the highest risk for adverse effects to happen to the fetus?
1st trimester
Functioning of Organ Systems Declines
Drug Sensitivity is Altered
General Decrease in Body Weight
Malnutrition
Changes in Drug Molecule Receptors
Important to Monitor Liver and Kidney Function Via Labs
age considerations for elderly
1 gram
1000 mg
1 mg
1000 mcg
1 L
1000 mL
3 teaspoons (tsp)
1 Tablespoon (T)
1 cc
1 mL
1 teaspoon (tsp)
5 mL
1 table spoon (T) = ____ mL
15 mL
1 kg
2.2 lbs
1 oz
30 mL
1 in
2.54 cm
