Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pharmacotheraputics > Intro to Pharm > Flashcards

Intro to Pharm Flashcards

1
Q

pharmacokinetics

four parts

A

the study of what the body does to a drug

absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

absorption

A

how fast a drug is absorbed into the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

distribution

A

how a drug is disseminated through out the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

metabolism

A

to what extent a drug is modified by enzymes in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

excretion

A

how rapidly the drug is eliminated from the body usually through urine, feces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

clinical pharmacokinetics

A

the application of PK princiles to the management of drug therapy in an individual patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

theraputic drug monitoring

A

using an assay to determine drug concentrations in plasma then using that concentration to develop safe and effective drug protocols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

kinetic homogeneity

A

a predictable relationship between plasma drug concentration and concentration at the receptor site where the drug produces its pharmacologic effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

theraputic drug monitoring assumes what?

A

that decreasing the amount of a drug in the blood will decrease the amount at the receptor site and therefore decrease the effect of the drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

the study of what the drug does to the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what determines the pharmacodynamic effect of a drug

A

the relationship between drug concentration and at the site of action and the effect

time course and intensity of theraputic and adverse effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how is the pharmacodynamic effect of a drug measured

A

physiologic (HR, RR, LOC, analgesia)

laboratory (change in cholesterol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Emax

A

the concentration of a drug which will fully bind to all the available receptors and increasing dose will not increase effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Emin

A

the minimum concentration below which no effect is observed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

EC100

A

the concentration at which Emax is achieved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

EC50

A

the concentration at which 50% concentration is achieved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how is potency determined

A

testing two drugs in the same patient or pool of patients and comparing their EC50 to find which requires a lower concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what determines the EC50/potency of a drug

A

affinity for receptors and the number of receptors available

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

T/F a more potent drug (lower EC50) will have a longer effect

A

false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

drug efficacy

A

the relationship between concentration and dose that takes into account the maximum effect that a drug can have regardless of dose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

efficacy is dependant on what

what is the assumption made when determining efficacy

A

the number of drug receptor complexes formed and the intrinsic activity of the drug

it assumes that all receptors are occupied and the drug is at Emax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Drug A and Drug B both occupy 100% of receptors but Drug B has less intrinsic activity

which will have a higher efficacy

A

Drug A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

drug tolerance

A

reduced effect from repeated exposure to the same concentration of a drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

theraputic range

A

the concentration of a drug, typically in plasma, where efficacy is maximized and the risk of toxicity is low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
T/F the boundaries for the theraputic range of a drug are absolulte
false
26
four basic criteria for theraputic drug monitoring
good correlation between concentration and effect drug posses a narrow theraputic range there is a defined theraputic range significant interpatient variabilty in plasma concentration
27
four factors that can alter drug absorption
sugery, food, drugs, disease
28
four factors that can alter drug distribution
genetic differences in transport proteins body composition drugs disease
29
three factors that can alter metabolism or elimination of a drug
genetic differences in the number and/or function of phase 1 and/or 2 enzymes drugs or xenobiotics diesese
30
eight indications for theraputic drug monitoring
low theraputic index poorly defined clinical end point non-adherence theraputic failure drugs with saturable metabolism wide variation in drug metabolism major organ failure prevention of ADE
31
five examples of times when theraputic drug monitoring is not needed
clinical outcome is unrelated to dose or plasma concentration dosage does not need to individual the pharmacological effects can be clinically quantified the relationship between concentration and effect remains unestablished drugs with a wide theraputic range
32
seven classes of drugs that are common candidates for theraputic drug monitoring
cardiovasculars antibacterials anti-depressants or psychotics antiepileptics antifungals antineoplastics immunosuppresives
33
theraputic index
the range of doses at which a medication was effective in clinical trials for a median of participants
34
how is the theraputic index expressed
as the range between the median effective dose (ED50) and the median toxic dose (TD50)
35
what is the risk of putting patients on a drug regimine that is at the low end of the theraputic window the high end
there won't be an appreciable effect they are at risk for complications
36
what constitutes a narrow theraputic window
if the difference between ED50 and TD50 is 2x or less
37
five drugs with narrow theraputic windows
warfarin lithium digoxin phenytoin zidovudine
38
factors affecting absorption
pH gastric emptying blood flow intestinal surface area intestinal transport transport proteins intestinal CYP
39
why does pH effect absorption
most drugs are weak bases
40
where does most absorption happen does pH affect this
in the small intestine because of large surface area and permeable membranes
41
physologic factors that impact gastric emptying time physiochemical factors
pH, baroreceptors particle size
42
how do dietary factors influence gastric emptying
changing gastric pH and the caloric load
43
what is the effect of blood flow on instestinal absorption
more absorption happens because there is more blood flow, specifically in lipoholic drugs
44
five determinants of distribution
chemical polarity affinty for transport proteins binding to tissue components or proteins binding to blood components volume of disstribution
45
two factors that effect the chemical polarity and partitioning of a drug as it relates to distribution
lipophilicity (increases permability through lipid bilayers) particle size (influences how the body handles the drug)
46
metabolic elimination of a drug
the chemical modification of a drug to a more polar compound and facilitate clearance
47
enzymes that peform metabolic elimination
blood esterases phase I enzymes (oxidative, reduction, hydrolysis) phase II (conjugative enzymes)
48
sites of metabolic elimination
liver, GI, lungs, kidneys, skin
49
excretion
the process by which a body ultimately eliminates a partent drug
50
what are the most common routes for excretion of drugs other routes how are most polar drugs eliminated
biliary and renal lungs, skin through the kidneys
51
how are lipophilic drugs typically exlcuded
they and their metabolites are eliminated through biliary, renal, or both after biotransformation
52
bioavailability (f)
the fraction of an adminstered dose of unchanged drugs that reaches the systemic circulation that characterizes the extent of absorption
53
what is the bioavailibilty (f) of IV drugs oral how is this determined
100% 1-f determined by comparing the AUC of oral to iv administration
54
factors that impact bioavailiblity
diet, physiology, first pass, genetics, age
55
Tmax
time to max concentration, the time after adminstration when the maximum plasma concentration is reached
56
what two values are equal at Tmax what pharmacokinetic concept is characterized by this
when the rate of absorption = rate of elimination the rate of absorption
57
Cmax what pharmacokinetic concept is characterized byt his
maximum concentration, the max serum concentration the drug achieves in a specific test area after the drug has been administered extent of absorption
58
Cmin
the minimum plasma concentration that a drug achieves in a tested area after the drug has been adminstered and prior to the adminstration of a subsequent does
59
AUC (area under the curve) what drugs will have a lower AUC
the area under a plasma concentration/time curve that reflect actually exposure to the drug ones that are cleared rapidly
60
half-life (T1/2Beta) what does this assume
the time required for a drug to fall to 50% of its current value that the drug is eliminated linearly
61
clinical causes of increased half life (reason to reduce dose)
decreased blood flow to liver and kidneys decreased renal function that lowers elimination decreased metabolism
62
clincal causes of decreased half life (reasons to increase dose)
increased hepatic blood flow decreased protein binding increased metabolism
63
Ke (elimation rate constant)
a secondary parameter that is mathmatically derived value describing the rate at which a drug is eliminated from the body
64
volume of distribtion (Vd) equation
the theoretical volume that would be necessary the contain the total amount of an adminstered drug at the same concentration observed in blood plasma Vd = (amount of drug in body)/(concentration at time zero)
65
what types of drugs will tend to stay dissolved in plasma what will be the effect on Vd? why
drugs witha high molecular weight and/or have a high affinity for transport proteins it will have a high concentration in blood so Vd will be low, about 4L
66
what type of drugs will stay dissolved in the extracellluar fluid how will this effect Vd
drugs with low molecular weight that can pass through the capillary junctions into interstitial fluid but are too polar to cross the cell mambrane Vd will be high, about the sum of the interstitial fluid (20% of body weight(
67
what type of drugs will pass into the ICF how will it effect Vd
low molecular weight and lipophilic drugs the Vd will equal about 60% of body weight
68
what type of drugs can have a Vd in excess of total body water how is that possible
non-polar, unionized drugs suggests tissue distribution
69
clearnace (CL, Cl, Cl/f)
a measure of the volume of plasma from which drug is removed per time
70
total clearance
the exponential effect of hepatic, biliary, and urinary elimination to decrease plasma concentration
71
what determines a drugs half life
clearance and Vd
72
linear kinetics what is the proportion of concentration to eliminate in linear kinetics
first order kinetics, where a constant fraction of drug is cleared per unit of time 1:1, increase concentration increase elimination
73
non linear kinetics
drug elimination is disproportionate to dose (2x concentration leads +/- 2x change in concentration)
74
what is responsible to non-linear kinetics
phase I CYP enzymes
75
advantages of continuous infusion
rate of entry is constant results of drug accumulation until steady state is reached
76
rate of IV infusion adminstration equation
rate of drug adminstration = steady state - rate of drug elimination
77
concentration at steady state for continuous infusion is proportional to what
the rate of infusion
78
concentration at steady is inversely proportional to what
clearance
79
in drugs with first order elimination time required to reach concentration at steady state is dependent on what
half life
80
what is the advantage of fixed time and dose regimens what is the disadvantge
more convenient results in fluctuating concentration
81
what happens to drug concetration with muliple drug injections
plasam concentration increases until Css is reached some of the drug will be eliminated some will remain leading to accumulation
82
why are most fixed dose/time drugs administered less than 5 half lives
so exponential elimination can't eliminate all the drug so it will accumulate on the next dose
83
disadvantages of oral administration
lag time to reach plasma plasma concentration is influenced by absorption and elimination
84
what is one method to reach steady state concentration faster
adminster a loading dose
85
autoinduction
adminsration of a drug causes a increase in metabolism that requires an increased amount of the drug to get the same effect
86
absorption is characterized by what two things
rate and extent (how much)
87
absolute vs relative bioavailbility
absolute is compared to IV relative is set to an imaginary number because there is no IV formulation
88
T/F many drugs have pH dependant absorption
false, many are altered by pH but not many are absorbed into the blood stream
89
first pass metabolism
when the drug is metabolized in the intestine before going into the blood
90
what is the main phase I enzyme
cytochrome P450
91
how do phase II enzymes create polor compounds
add a functional group
92
why do we have phase I and phase II of elimination
because often phase one will produce a metabolite that will be processes against in phase II

Pharmacotheraputics (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions