intro to pathophys/cell injury and death Flashcards
pathology
the study and diagnosis of disease
pathophysiology
the study of the physiological responses to disturbances in the internal or external environment
Aetiology
cause/s of disease
pathogenesis
development and progression of disease
morphological changes
structural and characteristic changes that help to form a diagnosis
clinical manifestations
signs, symptoms and consequences of alterations
Hypoxia
oxygen deficiency
Ischaemia
reduced blood supply to tissues, comes hand in hand with hypoxia as both deprive the cells of oxygens, the essential molecule for generating energy for cell function and survival.
toxins
found in everyday environments, they combine with critical molecular or cellular components of the cell
reversible cell injury
a derangement of function and morphology that cells can recover from if the damaging stimulus is removed
characteristics of reversible cell injury
cells and organelles become swollen as a result of failure of ATP-dependent ion pumps in the plasma membrane. Fatty change manifested by the appearance of lipid vacuoles in the cytoplasm. Blebbing or change in the PM. Mitochondrial changes. Accumulation of myelin figures. Dilation of the ER. Nuclear alterations
Hypertrophy
- an increase in organ/tissue size due to an increase in cell size
- often co-exists with hyperplasia
Atrophy
- decrease in tissue/organ size due to a decrease in cell size
- decreased protein synthesis
Hyperplasia
- increase in tissue/organ size due to increase in cell number (more cell)
- occurs in dividing cells
- may co-exist with hypertrophy
Metaplasia
- changing from one differentiated cell type to another (reversible)
- the ‘new’ cell type can tolerate the adverse environment
