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pathophysiology > Inflammation, healing & fluids , haemodynamics > Flashcards

Inflammation, healing & fluids , haemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

definition and features of inflammation

A

the body’s protective response to injury. The first stage of healing, a sequential response mediated by chemicals

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2
Q

Acute inflammation

A
  • develops within minutes to hours and can persists for up to several days
  • mild tissue destruction
  • mainly neutrophils
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3
Q

Chronic inflammation

A
  • May develop anew of if acute response fails to clear injury
  • persists for a longer duration
  • more tissue destruction
  • macrophages/monocytes and lymphocytes
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4
Q

sequence of acute reaction

A
  1. Recognition of injurious agent
  2. Vascular phase and cellular phase
  3. Removal of agent
  4. Resolution
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5
Q

Recognition of injurious agent

A
  • crucial for survival
  • several cellular receptors and circulating proteins are important, such as phagocytes and dendritic cells that express receptors that bind to foreign agents, triggering production of chemical mediators
  • complement system recognises microbes and encites chemical mediator production
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6
Q

Vascular phase and the recruitment of leukocytes

A
  • major component of acute inflammation
  • Host of chemical mediators act on blood vessels and help to recruit leukocytes
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7
Q

exudate

A

fluid that escapes into the extravascular tissues when endothelial cells contract during acute inflammation. This fluid has a high protein content.

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8
Q

cellular phase

A
  1. adhesion of leukocytes to endothelium
  2. Leukocytes migrate through vessel wall
  3. Leukocytes move towards injury via chemotaxis
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9
Q

selectins

A

protein adhesion molecules produced by endothelial cells during acute inflammation

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10
Q

Leukocyte rolling

A

firm adhesion to endothelium via surface proteins called integrins

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11
Q

Phagocytosis

A

neutrophils and monocyte/macrophages digest debris/microbe, this debris/microbe is recognised by phagocyte receptors

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12
Q

serous inflammation - acute

A

accumulation of protein-rich exudate

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13
Q

Fibrinous inflammation - acute

A

fibrin deposits

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14
Q

purulent inflammation - acute

A

production of pus

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15
Q

abscesses

A

localised collection of pus

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16
Q

ulcers - acute

A

defect produces by shedding of inflamed necrotic tissue

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17
Q

chronic inflammation

A
  • a prolonged hot response to persistent stimuli
18
Q

aetiology of chronic inflammation

A
  • persistent infections
  • hypersensitivity reactions
  • autoimmune diseases
  • prolonged exposure to toxic agents
19
Q

granulomatous inflammation

A

attempt to contain an offending agent by forming a granuloma

20
Q

granuloma

A

a tiny cluster of white blood cells and other tissue

21
Q

Cytokine induced systemic effects of chronic inflammation

A
  • fever
  • leukocytosis
    malaise, sweating, chills, anorexia, increased heart rate
22
Q

cytokine induced systemic effects acute inflammation

A

Increased hepatic production of plasma proteins
- C-reactive protein
- serum amyloid
- Fibrinogens

23
Q

Healing

A

Restoration of tissue architecture and function after injury

24
Q

Regeneration

A

proliferation of cells that survive injury, results in a return to normal state

25
Q

Scar formation

A

replacing damaged cells by laying down CT

26
Q

Determinants of regenerates

A
  1. proliferative capacity of cell
  2. Signals provided by growth factors
  3. Development of mature cells from stem cells
27
Q

capillary structure

A

a single-layer of endothelial cells

28
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure of capillary

A

the pressure generated against the capillary wall

29
Q

Hydrostatic pressure of intertitial fluid

A

The pressure of the fluid outside the capillary wall onto the membrane

30
Q

Oncotic pressure

A

osmotic pressure of osmotic proteins such as albumin

31
Q

oedema

A

accumulation of fluid within tissues

32
Q

Effusion

A

Extravascular fluid accumulated in body cavities

33
Q

transudate

A

low in plasma proteins

34
Q

aetiology of oedema

A
  1. increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
  2. decrease in oncotic pressure
  3. lymphatic obstruction
  4. sodium and water retention
35
Q

hyperaemia

A

increase in blood volume as a result of arteriolar dilation and increased blood flow. Tissues are engorged with oxygenated blood

36
Q

Congestion

A

Increase in blood volume as a result of impaired outflow of venous blood. Tissues are cyanotic due to the accumulation of deoxygenated blood

37
Q

Thrombosis

A

PROCESS OF FORMING A THROMBUS (CLOT) WITHIN AN UNINTERRUPTED CV SYSTEM. attched to a vessel wall

38
Q

aetiology of thrombosis

A
  • endothelial injury
  • abnormal blood flow
  • hypercoagulability
39
Q

Turbulence and stasis

A

promote endothelial activation/dysfunction and promote prothrombotic gene expression

40
Q
A

pathophysiology (9 decks)

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