Intro to Pathophsiology

Question 1

helicobacter pylori (3)

Answer 1

• bacterium
• gastric ulcers
• stomach caner/lymphoma

Question 2

genetic factors of cancer (2)

Answer 2

• any hereditary predisposition to neoplastic development

- may play role in development of certain cancers

Question 3

carcinogenesis

Answer 3

-process normal cells turn into cancerous cells

Question 4

remission

Answer 4

-abatement of signs/symptoms of disease

Question 5

environmental factors (5)

Answer 5

• ultraviolet radiation
• radon gas
• industrial pollutants
• man made ionizing radiation
• tobacco

Question 6

malignant stage (2)

Answer 6

• neoplasm developed into malignant tumor from continued exposure to risk factors
• may spread by way of invasion, seeding, metastasis

Question 7

prognosis

Answer 7

• prediction of course/end of disease

- estimated chance for recovery

Question 8

tumor word suffix: -carcinoma

Answer 8

solid epithelial tissue malignancy

Question 9

seeding (2)

Answer 9

• step 2*
• basic mechanism for spread of cancer
• spread of neoplastic cells among membrane

Question 10

malignant tumor (3)

Answer 10

• easily spread
• rapidly expanding/progressing
• un-incapsulated, poorly defined borders

Question 11

pathophysiology

Answer 11

-study of how normal function/physiological process is affected by disease

Question 12

TNM (tumors,nodes,metastasis) classification (2)

Answer 12

• most common classification of solid tumors

- provides prognosis/determining course of treatment

Question 13

invasion (infiltration)

Answer 13

• step 1*
• basic mechanism for spread of cancer
• penetration of neoplastic cells into adjacent tissue

Question 14

atrophy (2)

Answer 14

• degeneration/wasting away of tissue or organ

- smaller in cell size = smaller muscle mass

Question 15

hypertrophy (2)

Answer 15

• normal process

- increase size/bulk of normal cells

Question 16

neoplasia

Answer 16

• abnormal growth of tissue

- can give way to neoplasm

Question 17

oncology

Answer 17

-study of malignant tumors

Question 18

benign tumor (5)

Answer 18

• slow expanding
• encapsulated mass with easily defined borders
• normal cells reproduce at high rate
• remain localized, no systemic effects
• rarely reoccur once removed

Question 19

tumor word root: Osteo-

Answer 19

bone

Question 20

idiopathic

Answer 20

a disease or condition whose cause is undetermined

Question 21

lesion (2)

Answer 21

• circumscribed area of pathologically-altered tissue

- not cancerous

Question 22

epidemiology

Answer 22

science of tracking pattern, distribution, or occurrence of disease

Question 23

sentinel lymph node

Answer 23

• 1st lymph node cancer cells are likely to spread to from primary site
• negative SLNB (tumor localized)
• positive SLNB (cancer present on sentinel lymph nodes, possible in other nodes/organs)

Question 24

anaplasia (3)

Answer 24

• loss of cellular differentiation and function
• malignant neoplasms
• basis of grading tumor

Question 25

immunotherapy

Answer 25

use of individuals own immune system to fight cancer

Question 26

radical excision (3)

Answer 26

- primary tumor removed - potions of surrounding tissues/organs - regional lymph nodes removed

Question 27

neoplasm

Answer 27

-new or abnormal formation of tissue which grows at the expense of a healthy host

Question 28

internal therapy

Answer 28

- placement of radioactive device within tissue | - delivers dosage directly to surrounding tissue

Question 29

carcinogen

Answer 29

-elements that are initiating factors of, promoting factors or both

Question 30

Biological Response Modifier

Answer 30

-naturally occurring substance that can be replicated in lab

Question 31

in situ (3)

Answer 31

- neoplasm - remains localized - doesn't invade surrounding tissue

Question 32

tumor word root: Chondro-

Answer 32

cartilage | -chondroma; chondrosarcoma

Question 33

dysplasia (2)

Answer 33

- change in size/shape/origination of cells | - step in development of cancer

Question 34

palliative surgery

Answer 34

- performed to alleviate pain/comfort of patient * excision of draining abscesses * drainage of ascites * excision of intestinal obstruction * excision of perforated or hemorrhaging viscera * severe nerve pathways

Question 35

tumor word root: Myo-

Answer 35

muscle

Question 36

tumor word root: Adeno-

Answer 36

gland | -adenoma; adenocarcinoma

Question 37

hyperplasia (2)

Answer 37

- abnormal | - increase in number of cells resulting in abnormal size

Question 38

en bloc resection

Answer 38

-excision of primary tumor/adjacent structures as whole masse

Question 39

differentiation

Answer 39

-individual characteristics leading to specialization

Question 40

what is tumor grading based off of?

Answer 40

-degree of anaplasia of tissue obtained from biopsy

Question 41

signs

Answer 41

-object evidence of disease apparent to observers

Question 42

tumor word root: Lipo-

Answer 42

adipose (fat)

Question 43

simple excision

Answer 43

-primary tumor is removed with slight margins of surrounding tissue

Question 44

symptoms

Answer 44

-experience of disease experienced by the patient only

Question 45

metastasis

Answer 45

* step 3* - basic mechanism for spread of cancer - spread of neoplastic cells by vascular/lymphatic channels

Question 46

debulking

Answer 46

-procedure to remove as much of primary tumor as possible

Question 47

tumor

Answer 47

- swelling or enlargement | - benign or malignant

Question 48

fulguration

Answer 48

burning of cancerous tissue

Question 49

Moh's chemosurgery

Answer 49

- tumor is fixed in place | - successive layers of tissue removed and examined until cancer is not detected

Question 50

biopsy (2)

Answer 50

- removal of tissue sample for examination/diagnosis | - only definitive diagnosis of neoplasm