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Microbiology/Pathophysiology > Intro to Micro Exam U-1 > Flashcards

Intro to Micro Exam U-1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Anton van Leewenhoek

Iganz Semmelweis

A

-Anton: “father of microbiology”

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2
Q

Iganz Semmelweis

A

-Ignanz: advocated hand washing between patients

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3
Q

Louis Pasteur

A
  • “father of bacteriology”

- launched germ theory of disease (later proven by Kochs Postulates)

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4
Q

GRAM Stain Method (gram test) (3)

A
  • means of bacterial identification
  • violet = gram positive
  • red = gram negative
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5
Q

Robert Koch

A
  • Kochs postulates
  • provides proof certain diseases are called by specific bacteria
  • still utilized today
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6
Q

biogenesis

A

-theory states organisms can only rise from they’re own kind

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7
Q

prokaryotic (3)

A
  • small cells with simple cytoplasmic membrane
  • lacks nucleus, membrane bound organelles
  • only unicellular
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8
Q

eukaryotic (4)

A
  • large cells, complex cytoplasmic membrane
  • nucleus, complex membrane bound organelles
  • unicellular or part of multicellular organism
  • ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum
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9
Q

Eukaryotic: plastids

A
  • membrane-bound structures containing photosynthetic pigments
  • only plant cells
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10
Q

Eukaryotic: chloroplasts

A
  • contain green photosynthetic pigment

- type of plastid

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11
Q

Eukaryotic: nuclear envelope

A

-double membrane phospholipid bi-layers

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12
Q

Prokaryotic: cell envelope (3)

A
  • chemically-complex covering 1/2 cells volume
  • 3 interacting layers
  • glycocalyx, cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane
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13
Q

Prokaryotic: glycocalyx (2)

A
  • outermost layer cell envelope

- exposed severe environmental conditions

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14
Q

Prokaryotic: cell-wall (3)

A
  • intermediate rigid layer of cell envelope
  • structural support
  • contains peptidoglycan
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15
Q

Prokaryotic: cytoplasmic membrane

A

-inner most layer of cell envelope

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16
Q

Prokaryotic: gram+ vs gram-

A

+thick

-thin

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17
Q

Prokaryotic: mesosomes (2)

A
  • invaginations of cell membrane

- increase surface area for reactions to occur

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18
Q

Prokaryotic: flagella (3)

A
  • prokaryotic appendage
  • 3 polar types (movement)
  • non-polar (no movement)
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19
Q

Prokaryotic: polar flagella monotrichous

A

single flagellum at one pole

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20
Q

Prokaryotic: polar flagella amphitrichus

A

single flagellum at both poles

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21
Q

Prokaryotic: polar flagella lophotrichous

A

tufts of flagella at one/both poles

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22
Q

Prokaryotic: axial filaments (2)

A
  • modified flagella between cell wall/membrane

- aka: endoflagellum

23
Q

Prokaryotic: fimbriae/pili (2)

A
  • fimbriae: attach cell to surrounding structures

- pili: involved in bacterial cell mating

24
Q

Prokaryotic: plasmids

A

-strands of DNA suspended in protoplasm

25
Q

Prokaryotic: endospores (2)

A
  • dormant body produced by certain bacteria to survive adverse conditons
  • gram+ bacteria
  • immortal, hardiest of all lifeforms
26
Q

Prokaryotic: toxins (2)

A
  • harmful chemical substance damages organisms, host cells, host cells, tissues
  • 2 categories: endotoxins/exotoxins
27
Q

Prokaryotic: exotoxins (2)

A
  • poison substance made intracellularly via endocytosis

- substance released into surrounding extracellular space

28
Q

Prokaryotic: endotoxins (2)

A
  • poison substance released when cell dies

- membrane breaks down releasing substance

29
Q

binomial nomenclature (3)

A
  • method of assigning specific scientific names to organism
  • generic name 1st/capitalized
  • species name 2nd/lowercase
30
Q

photoprophs

A

-organisms convert light energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis

31
Q

chemotrophs

A

-organisms that use organic (chemorgantrophs) / inorganic (chemolithotrophs) chemicals for energy

32
Q

Carbon Sources: autotrophs vs heterotrophs (2)

A

-utilize carbon dioxide as sole source of carbon
vs
-use organic compounds for sources of carbon `

33
Q

Energy Sources: chemoheterotrophs (2)

A
  • utilize chemicals for energy source

- organic compounds other than carbon dioxide for carbon

34
Q
  • thermophiles
  • mesophiles
  • pyschrophiles
A
  • grow best at high temps (50-60)
  • grow best at moderate (20-40)
  • grow best at low temperature (10-20)
35
Q
  1. acidophiles

2. alkaphiles

A
  • prefer environments with moderate PH 2.0-5.0

- prefer environments with PH greater 8.5

36
Q

barophiles

A

-bacteria thrive in high atmospheric pressure

37
Q

symbiosis

A

term describing living together / close association of organisms/species

38
Q

mutualism

A
  • symbiotic

- mutually beneficial relationship

39
Q

commensalism

A
  • symbiotic

- one organism benefits, other is unaffected

40
Q

parasitism

A
  • symbiotic

- one symbiont benefits at expense of other

41
Q

morphology

A
  • bacteria described as shape

- cocci, bacilli, spirilla

42
Q

grouping

A
  • groupings of bacteria

- single, pairs, chains, clusters, etc

43
Q

Grouping / Morphology: cocci

A
  • spherical/ball shaped cell wall
  • diplococci: pair
  • staphylococci: clusters
  • streptococci: chains
44
Q

Grouping / Morphology: bacilli

A
  • cylindrical/rod-shaped cell wall
  • diplobacilli: pairs
  • streptobacilli: chains
45
Q

generation/doubling time

A

-time required for parent cell to create 2 daughter cells

46
Q

lag phase

A

-slow cell growth

47
Q

log phase

A

-exponential cell growth

48
Q

aerobic vs anaerobic organisms (2)

A
  • aerobic organism require oxygenated environment for growth and reproduction
  • anaerobic only grow and reproduce in environments devoid of oxygen
49
Q

obligate aerobes

obligate anaerobes

A
  • require %20-21 oxygen in atmosphere

- require atmosphere devoid of oxygen

50
Q

characteristics of a virus

A
  • acellular not considered truly living organism
  • obligate intracellular parasite, only reproduce within another cell
  • virion: complete virus particle
51
Q

5 specific properties distinguish virus

A
  1. DNA or RNA as vehicle for genome
  2. unable to replicate on their own
  3. dont use binary fission, mitosis, meiosis
  4. cant produce own energy
  5. cant produce proteins or nucleic acids
52
Q

Lytic cycle vs Lysogeny (2)

A
  • lytic cycle: viral multiplication leads to destruction of host cell
  • lysogney: viral multiplication genome incorporate into host cell without lytic cycle
53
Q

prions (2)

A
  • infection molecules responsible for many neurological diseases
  • long incubation, rapid dementia, subsequent death

Microbiology/Pathophysiology (9 decks)

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