Intro to Micro Exam U-1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anton van Leewenhoek

Iganz Semmelweis

A

-Anton: “father of microbiology”

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2
Q

Iganz Semmelweis

A

-Ignanz: advocated hand washing between patients

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3
Q

Louis Pasteur

A
  • “father of bacteriology”

- launched germ theory of disease (later proven by Kochs Postulates)

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4
Q

GRAM Stain Method (gram test) (3)

A
  • means of bacterial identification
  • violet = gram positive
  • red = gram negative
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5
Q

Robert Koch

A
  • Kochs postulates
  • provides proof certain diseases are called by specific bacteria
  • still utilized today
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6
Q

biogenesis

A

-theory states organisms can only rise from they’re own kind

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7
Q

prokaryotic (3)

A
  • small cells with simple cytoplasmic membrane
  • lacks nucleus, membrane bound organelles
  • only unicellular
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8
Q

eukaryotic (4)

A
  • large cells, complex cytoplasmic membrane
  • nucleus, complex membrane bound organelles
  • unicellular or part of multicellular organism
  • ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum
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9
Q

Eukaryotic: plastids

A
  • membrane-bound structures containing photosynthetic pigments
  • only plant cells
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10
Q

Eukaryotic: chloroplasts

A
  • contain green photosynthetic pigment

- type of plastid

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11
Q

Eukaryotic: nuclear envelope

A

-double membrane phospholipid bi-layers

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12
Q

Prokaryotic: cell envelope (3)

A
  • chemically-complex covering 1/2 cells volume
  • 3 interacting layers
  • glycocalyx, cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane
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13
Q

Prokaryotic: glycocalyx (2)

A
  • outermost layer cell envelope

- exposed severe environmental conditions

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14
Q

Prokaryotic: cell-wall (3)

A
  • intermediate rigid layer of cell envelope
  • structural support
  • contains peptidoglycan
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15
Q

Prokaryotic: cytoplasmic membrane

A

-inner most layer of cell envelope

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16
Q

Prokaryotic: gram+ vs gram-

A

+thick

-thin

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17
Q

Prokaryotic: mesosomes (2)

A
  • invaginations of cell membrane

- increase surface area for reactions to occur

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18
Q

Prokaryotic: flagella (3)

A
  • prokaryotic appendage
  • 3 polar types (movement)
  • non-polar (no movement)
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19
Q

Prokaryotic: polar flagella monotrichous

A

single flagellum at one pole

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20
Q

Prokaryotic: polar flagella amphitrichus

A

single flagellum at both poles

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21
Q

Prokaryotic: polar flagella lophotrichous

A

tufts of flagella at one/both poles

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22
Q

Prokaryotic: axial filaments (2)

A
  • modified flagella between cell wall/membrane

- aka: endoflagellum

23
Q

Prokaryotic: fimbriae/pili (2)

A
  • fimbriae: attach cell to surrounding structures

- pili: involved in bacterial cell mating

24
Q

Prokaryotic: plasmids

A

-strands of DNA suspended in protoplasm

25
Prokaryotic: endospores (2)
- dormant body produced by certain bacteria to survive adverse conditons - gram+ bacteria - immortal, hardiest of all lifeforms
26
Prokaryotic: toxins (2)
- harmful chemical substance damages organisms, host cells, host cells, tissues - 2 categories: endotoxins/exotoxins
27
Prokaryotic: exotoxins (2)
- poison substance made intracellularly via endocytosis | - substance released into surrounding extracellular space
28
Prokaryotic: endotoxins (2)
- poison substance released when cell dies | - membrane breaks down releasing substance
29
binomial nomenclature (3)
- method of assigning specific scientific names to organism - generic name 1st/capitalized - species name 2nd/lowercase
30
photoprophs
-organisms convert light energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis
31
chemotrophs
-organisms that use organic (chemorgantrophs) / inorganic (chemolithotrophs) chemicals for energy
32
Carbon Sources: autotrophs vs heterotrophs (2)
-utilize carbon dioxide as sole source of carbon vs -use organic compounds for sources of carbon `
33
Energy Sources: chemoheterotrophs (2)
- utilize chemicals for energy source | - organic compounds other than carbon dioxide for carbon
34
- thermophiles - mesophiles - pyschrophiles
- grow best at high temps (50-60) - grow best at moderate (20-40) - grow best at low temperature (10-20)
35
1. acidophiles | 2. alkaphiles
- prefer environments with moderate PH 2.0-5.0 | - prefer environments with PH greater 8.5
36
barophiles
-bacteria thrive in high atmospheric pressure
37
symbiosis
term describing living together / close association of organisms/species
38
mutualism
- symbiotic | - mutually beneficial relationship
39
commensalism
- symbiotic | - one organism benefits, other is unaffected
40
parasitism
- symbiotic | - one symbiont benefits at expense of other
41
morphology
- bacteria described as shape | - cocci, bacilli, spirilla
42
grouping
- groupings of bacteria | - single, pairs, chains, clusters, etc
43
Grouping / Morphology: cocci
- spherical/ball shaped cell wall - diplococci: pair - staphylococci: clusters - streptococci: chains
44
Grouping / Morphology: bacilli
- cylindrical/rod-shaped cell wall - diplobacilli: pairs - streptobacilli: chains
45
generation/doubling time
-time required for parent cell to create 2 daughter cells
46
lag phase
-slow cell growth
47
log phase
-exponential cell growth
48
aerobic vs anaerobic organisms (2)
- aerobic organism require oxygenated environment for growth and reproduction - anaerobic only grow and reproduce in environments devoid of oxygen
49
obligate aerobes | obligate anaerobes
- require %20-21 oxygen in atmosphere | - require atmosphere devoid of oxygen
50
characteristics of a virus
- acellular not considered truly living organism - obligate intracellular parasite, only reproduce within another cell - virion: complete virus particle
51
5 specific properties distinguish virus
1. DNA or RNA as vehicle for genome 2. unable to replicate on their own 3. dont use binary fission, mitosis, meiosis 4. cant produce own energy 5. cant produce proteins or nucleic acids
52
Lytic cycle vs Lysogeny (2)
- lytic cycle: viral multiplication leads to destruction of host cell - lysogney: viral multiplication genome incorporate into host cell without lytic cycle
53
prions (2)
- infection molecules responsible for many neurological diseases - long incubation, rapid dementia, subsequent death