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Immunology + Pathology > Intro to Pathology + Defence Cells > Flashcards

Intro to Pathology + Defence Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunology

A

The study of the immune system

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2
Q

What is pathology

A

The study of the causes/effects of diseases

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3
Q

What is Aetiology

A

The cause, set of causes, or manner of causation of a disease or condition

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4
Q

What is morphology

A

The phenotypic changes associated with a disease

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5
Q

What is pathogenisis

A

Progressive changes as disease develops

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6
Q

What is sequalae

A

What happens next? Can involve intervention

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7
Q

Why is immunology and pathology needed

A

To make the correct diagnosis​

To give the correct treatment​

To understand systemic diseases ​

To make appropriate referrals​

To advise and educate patients​

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8
Q

What is the aetiology, morphology, pathogenesis and sequelae of oral cancer

A

Aetiology – excessive alcohol/tobacco consumption (increased susceptibility)​

Morphology – carcinoma formation​

Pathogenesis – Processes of hyperplasia, dysplasia, neoplasia ​

Sequelae – Radiotherapy, surgery, patient advice​

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9
Q

Periodontitis (AMPS)

A

Aetiology – bacterial origin (plaque)​

Morphology – gingival tissue inflammation, tooth loss​

Pathogenesis – bacterial protease activity, elevated pro-inflammatory response in gingivae​

Sequelae – physical debridement of plaque, removal of infected tissue, patient advice ​

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10
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis (AMPS)

A

Aetiology – Environmental, genetic (hereditary), other diseases​

Morphology – Joint inflammation​

Pathogenesis – elevated pro-inflammatory response and osteoclast activity, circulating ACPA (antibodies) ​

Sequelae – NSAIDs, Steroids, treatment of other diseases​

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11
Q

What systemic diseases is periodontitis linked to

A

Diabetes
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Stroke
Alzheimer’s Disease

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12
Q

What is the surgical sieve

A

The importance of the correct diagnosis​

Concept of “surgical sieve” refers to a differential diagnosis in which the clinician must distinguish symptoms of a particular disease or condition from others that present similar clinical features ​

Being able to distinguish between diseases with some similar symptoms

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13
Q

What are the 4 main organs of the immune system

A

Thymus
Bone marrow
Lymph nodes
Spleen

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14
Q

What is the largest lymphatic organ in the body

A

Spleen

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15
Q

Where do T-cells mature

A

Thymus

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16
Q

What is the yellow tissue in the centre of the bone which makes white blood cells which become lymphocytes

A

Bone marrow

17
Q

What is the lymphatic system

A

The motorway for immune cells to circulate

Links key organs:
-Transports clean fluid back to the blood
-Drains excess fluids from tissues
-Removes ‘debris’ from cells of
body
-Transports fats from digestive system

18
Q

What are the two branches of the immune system

A

Innate + adaptive

19
Q

What is the difference between the two immune systems

A

Innate - first line of defence

Adaptive - specific and acquired

20
Q

What is an inflammatory reaction

A

Reaction aimed to eliminate inciting cause

21
Q

What can cause an inflammatory response

A

-invading microorganisms
-particulate materials (e.g. dust, prostheses e.g., denture material)​
-altered self cells​
-transformed malignant cells (cancer)​

22
Q

What are the stages of inflammation

A

Initiation – response to harmful agents​

Progression – containment of harmful agents​

Amplification – modulation of immune response​

Resolution – healing (acute inflammation)​

23
Q

What is the failure to resolve inflammation

A

Chronic inflammation

24
Q

What are some innate immune cells

A

monocytes/macrophage
mast cells
neutrophils
NK cells
eosinophils
basophils​

25
Q

Which innate immune cells are lymphoid in origin

A

Natural Killer cells (NK)
Innate immune cells (ILCs)

26
Q

Which innate immune cells are myeloid in origin

A

Mast cells ​
Monocytes/Macrophages ​
Dendritic cells​
Neutrophils​
Eosinophils and Basophils

27
Q

What is the role of monocytes/macrophages

A

-Circulate in blood as precursors called monocytes​
-Migrate into tissues and differentiate into macrophages ​
-Early responders to infection or tissue damage​
-Long-lived with multiple functions​
-Phagocytose and present antigen​

28
Q

How do mast cells act

A

-Granulocytes​
-Early responders to infection or tissue damage​
-Migrate from blood and differentiate in tissues (blood precursors not defined)​
-Protect against pathogens (particularly parasitic worms)​
-Best known for role in allergy

29
Q

What is the purpose of neutrophils

A

ARGUABLY MOST IMPORTANT
-Phagocytic granulocytes​
-Most numerous/important cells in innate immune responses ​
-Circulate in blood and move into tissue when required​
-Contain numerous granules (intracellular vesicles)

30
Q

What are NK cells

A

Large structures with granules

Recognize and kill abnormal cells/tumours/viral infected cells​

Important for ‘holding back’ virus infections until adaptive immunity kicks in​

31
Q

What are ILCs

A

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are non-cytotoxic members of the NK cell family​

Three subsets – ILC1, ILC2 and ILC3s

32
Q

Why do we have Dendritic cells

A

-Several types of DCs (e.g., Langerhans cells)​
-Main role is antigen presentation​
-Responsible for bridging innate and adaptive immunity​
-Move from tissues to lymph nodes passing on information​
-Activate T cell and B cells​

33
Q

What are the adaptive immune defence cells

A

T cells and B cells

34
Q

What is the function of T cells

A

T cells give rise to cellular immunity​

Evolved to protect against intracellular microbes and to help B cells responses​

Recognize peptides presented by antigen presenting cells through the T Cell Receptor (TCR)​

Diversity in TCR (can respond to numerous antigens): T cell repertoire ​

Checkpoints in place however to ensure T cells only respond to foreign pathogens and not ‘self peptides’​

35
Q

What drives the programming of T cells

A

DC-T cell interactions

36
Q

What are the different subsets of T cells

A

T helper cells (CD4+) function to help support other immune cells to fight threats​
-Can be TH1, TH2, TH17, TFH cells​

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) destroy our own cells which have become infected (usually virus-related)​

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) regulate or suppress other cells in the immune system​

37
Q

Which cells form a bridge between the adaptive and innate immune system

A

Dendritic cells

38
Q

What are the subsets of B cells

A

Plasma cells - great big antibody factories​

Memory B cells - important to mount a quicker antibody response to any subsequent infections​

39
Q

How do B cells work

A

-Communicate with T cells​
-Have a specific B cell receptor for antigens​
-B cells produce antibodies ​
-B cells are also capable of antigen presentation (to T cells for T cell activation)

Immunology + Pathology (11 decks)

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