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Immunology + Pathology > Innate immunity > Flashcards

Innate immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is innate immunity

A

-First line of defence (1-4 days)​
-No-memory or lasting protective immunity​
-Present from birth​
-Effective: regular contact with potential pathogens​
-Contribution of epithelial/endothelial cells + fibroblasts (non-professional immune cells)​
-Involved in recruitment of immune cells to sites of infection​
-Responses are broad spectrum: non-specific

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2
Q

What are commensals

A

Many bacteria

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3
Q

What are the different types of epithelium in the oral cavity

A

Lining mucosa (buccal mucosa) ​
Masticatory epithelia​
Tongue mucosa ​
Crevicular/Junctional epithelia​

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4
Q

What is the role of the epithelium

A

The epithelium provides structural/mechanical support ​

Epithelial barriers produce various different compounds e.g., in the oral cavity the following are produced; ​

Antimicrobial peptides ​
Secretory IgA​
Lactoferrin​
Lysozyme​
Cystatins​

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5
Q

What are Host defence peptides

A

Small (<50 amino acids)
Attach and disrupt membranes
Effective in low conc
>45 different antimicrobial peptides identified in oral cavity

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6
Q

What are some examples of families of HDPs (host defence peptides)

A

β-defensins​
Human Neutrophil Peptides (HNPs)​
Cathelicidins (e.g., LL-37)

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7
Q

What is secretory IgA

A

Produced at mucosal surfaces​

Found in saliva/GCF​

Binds to flagella and can prevent motility (microorganisms)​

Binds to and neutralizes bacterial toxins (microorganisms)​

Prevents attachment of bacteria to mucosal surfaces

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8
Q

What is Lactoferrin

A

Glycoprotein that transports iron ions but has antimicrobial activity. Present in saliva and produced by neutrophils

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9
Q

What/where is lysozyme

A

Present in saliva and produced by macrophages/neutrophils. Targets cell walls of bacteria​

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10
Q

What are cystatins used for

A

Anti-protease activity and supports re-mineralization of the teeth

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11
Q

What are examples of effector responses

A

Phagocytosis
Antigen presentation
Degranulation
Soluble mediators

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12
Q

What are antigens

A

Immune cells have receptors for components of microorganisms

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13
Q

What immune system provides memory cells and long lasting immunity

A

Adaptive immune system

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14
Q

What are microbial antigens

A

Toxins and virulence factors

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15
Q

In microbial recognition what are the main receptors called

A

Toll-like receptors

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16
Q

What receptors are involved in fungal recognition

A

Dectin and glucan receptors

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17
Q

Bacterial recognition is carried out by what receptors

A

NOD-like receptors

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18
Q

What do Protease-activated receptors detect

A

Allergen recognition

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19
Q

What do recognition receptors aim to promote

A

Effector response

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20
Q

What are PRRs

A

Pattern recognition receptors

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21
Q

What are PAMPs

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns

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22
Q

What are the steps of an
immediate innate immune response

A

Infection
Recognition
Removal of infection

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23
Q

What extra step does an induces innate response involve

A

Recruitment of effector cells

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24
Q

What are some soluble mediators produced by immune cells

A

Cytokines and Chemokines​
Complement Proteins​
Antimicrobial Peptides​
Enzymes (e.g., Lysozyme)​
Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes​
Immunoglobulins (e.g., B cells)​
Growth Factors​
Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs)

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25
Q

What are cytokines,the subsets of families

A

Small proteins (<80kDa in size) ​

Signaling molecules to co-ordinate immune responses​

Grouped into families by structure:​
-Interleukin family (e.g. IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 etc)​
-TNF family (e.g. TNF-α)​
-Interferons (e.g., IFN-γ) ​
-“unassigned” (e.g., TGF-β) ​

Can be autocrine, paracrine and/or endocrine​

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26
Q

What do autocrine cytokines do

A

Alter behaviour of cell from which they were secreted e.g. self-regulating

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27
Q

What do paracrine cytokines do

A

Alter behaviour of neighbouring cells

28
Q

What do endocrine cytokines do

A

Enter circulation and alter behaviour of distant cells

29
Q

How do cytokines signal

A

Through cytokine receptors

30
Q

What do cells contain to fight disease

A

Growth factors (tissue remodelling)
Receptors (differentiation + proliferation)
Antimicrobials (protection from invading microorganisms)
Cytokines and Chemokines (orchestrates an immune response)

31
Q

What are chemokines

A

Small signaling proteins – chemotactic cytokines​

Chemotaxis is the movement of a cell in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing/decreasing concentration of a substance (e.g., chemokines)​

Predominantly involved in cell recruitment (directing)​

“Chemokines tell cells where to go, cytokines tell cells what to do” ​

32
Q

How do chemokines signal

A

Through chemokine receptors on immune cells

33
Q

What do PRRs do

A

Variety of receptors that recognize ‘unique’ features of microbes

34
Q

What are cytokines and chemokines

A

Cytokines – molecules which coordinate immune responses​

Chemokines – involved in trafficking of immune cells​

35
Q

What occurs after microbial recognition

A

Phagocytosis
Degranulation
Antigen presentation
Mediator release

36
Q

What is chemotaxis

A

The movement of a call in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing/decreasing conc of a substance

37
Q

What is the main cell type in oral mucosa

A

Neutrophils

38
Q

How do neutrophils know where to go

A

Attracted along a CXCL8 (IL-8) gradient to site of inflammation ​

39
Q

What are LFA-1s

A

Lymphocyte Function-associated Antigen 1 – found on neutrophils allowing them to interact with endothelium cell receptors (ICAM) to get out of circulation​

40
Q

What is diapedesis

A

(Extravasation) is the migration of immune cells out of circulation into blood vessel walls

41
Q

What receptors are found on the immune and endothelial cells

A

Selectins (e.g., E- selectins)​
Integrins (e.g., LFA-I*)​
Immunoglobulin superfamily​

42
Q

What receptors are found on the endothelium

A

Selectins
Immunoglobin

43
Q

What are effector functions

A

Phagocytosis
Degranulation
Antigen presentation
Mediator release

44
Q

What are some mediator released

A

Cytokines and Chemokines​
Complement Proteins​
Antimicrobial Peptides​
Enzymes (e.g., Lysozyme)​
Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes​
Immunoglobulins (e.g., B cells)​
Growth Factors​
Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs)

45
Q

What are chemical mediators AND histamines

A

Prostaglandins
leukotrienes
nitric oxide

46
Q

What are the main examples of mediator release

A

Cytokines and chemokines​
-Cytokines are small signalling proteins that co-ordinate immune responses (instruct cells what to do)​
-Can be autocrine, paracrine and/or endocrine​
-Endocrine cytokines can often also be chemokines​
-Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines – these drive the process of chemotaxis

47
Q

What are granules

A

Vesicles containing preformed mediators
-Proteinases (e.g., enzymes) ​
-Antimicrobials (AMPs, lactoferrin etc.)​
-Chemical mediators (e.g., histamine)

48
Q

What are the main cell types that undergo degranulation

A

Eosinophil
Basophil
Neutrophil
NK cell
Mast cell

49
Q

What cells are associated with allergic/hypersensitivity reactions

A

Mast cells
Basophils
Eosinophils

50
Q

What are the main roles of histamine

A

Vasodilation ​

Increases vascular permeability of blood vessels​

Smooth muscle contraction​

Bronchoconstriction ​

Neurotransmission (sensation of itching in allergies)

51
Q

What role do neutrophils play in the production of extracellular fibril matrix

A

Produce NETs (Neutrophil Extracellular Traps)​

NETosis – activation leads to release of proteins and chromatin (DNA) to form extra-cellular fibril matrix​

52
Q

What do natural killer cells release during degranulation

A

Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) ​

NK cells release perforin and granzymes

53
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

A process utilized by phagocytes, cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, DCs​

Degradation and removal of pathogenic threat​

Antigen presentation​

Safely break down and dispose of apoptotic cells​

54
Q

What the steps of phagocytosis

A

1.Recognition​

2.Engulfment​

3.Phagosome​

4.Phagolysosome​

5.Cell digestion​

6.Residual bodies​

7.Exocytosis​

55
Q

What is the purpose of MCH1

A

MHCI are involved in presentation of endogenous proteins (viral infected, tumour cells) – found on all nucleated cells​

Allows all cells to call for help either to indicate abnormal growths or the presence of an abnormal cell which needs to be lysed

56
Q

What three cells can drive antigen presenting via MCH2

A

DCs, macrophages and B cell

57
Q

What is required in presentation of exogenous proteins (post phagocytosis)

A

MCH2

58
Q

How does MCH1 allow for protection from foreign bodies

A

MHCI -> CD8+ T cells – cytotoxic – ultimately results in lysis

59
Q

How are memory cells produced

A

MHCII -> CD4+ T cells – T helper cells – provide memory cells

60
Q

What is essential for the link between innate and adaptive immunity

A

Antigen presentation

61
Q

What four connected, enzymatic cascade systems does plasma contain

A

Complement​
Kinins​
Coagulation factors​
Fibrinolytic system

62
Q

What is complement

A

A collection of soluble proteins present in circulation​

Produced in the liver and released into circulation​

Drives opsonization and inflammatory responses​

Leads to formation of the membrane attack complex

63
Q

What are the 3 pathways of complement

A

Classical pathway – antibody attached to microbe​

Alternative pathway – microbial cell wall ​

Mannose binding lectin pathway – microbial carbohydrates

64
Q

What are anaphylatoxins

A

Complement protein (fragments)

65
Q

What is the importance of complement

A

Infection of mice with Porphyromonas gingivalis leads to alveolar bone loss​

Loss of the complement system in these mice (removal of the C3a/C5a receptors) leads to resolution of disease

Immunology + Pathology (11 decks)

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