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Innate immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is innate immunity

A

-First line of defence (1-4 days)​
-No-memory or lasting protective immunity​
-Present from birth​
-Effective: regular contact with potential pathogens​
-Contribution of epithelial/endothelial cells + fibroblasts (non-professional immune cells)​
-Involved in recruitment of immune cells to sites of infection​
-Responses are broad spectrum: non-specific

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2
Q

What are commensals

A

Many bacteria

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3
Q

What are the different types of epithelium in the oral cavity

A

Lining mucosa (buccal mucosa) ​
Masticatory epithelia​
Tongue mucosa ​
Crevicular/Junctional epithelia​

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4
Q

What is the role of the epithelium

A

The epithelium provides structural/mechanical support ​

Epithelial barriers produce various different compounds e.g., in the oral cavity the following are produced; ​

Antimicrobial peptides ​
Secretory IgA​
Lactoferrin​
Lysozyme​
Cystatins​

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5
Q

What are Host defence peptides

A

Small (<50 amino acids)
Attach and disrupt membranes
Effective in low conc
>45 different antimicrobial peptides identified in oral cavity

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6
Q

What are some examples of families of HDPs (host defence peptides)

A

β-defensins​
Human Neutrophil Peptides (HNPs)​
Cathelicidins (e.g., LL-37)

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7
Q

What is secretory IgA

A

Produced at mucosal surfaces​

Found in saliva/GCF​

Binds to flagella and can prevent motility (microorganisms)​

Binds to and neutralizes bacterial toxins (microorganisms)​

Prevents attachment of bacteria to mucosal surfaces

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8
Q

What is Lactoferrin

A

Glycoprotein that transports iron ions but has antimicrobial activity. Present in saliva and produced by neutrophils

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9
Q

What/where is lysozyme

A

Present in saliva and produced by macrophages/neutrophils. Targets cell walls of bacteria​

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10
Q

What are cystatins used for

A

Anti-protease activity and supports re-mineralization of the teeth

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11
Q

What are examples of effector responses

A

Phagocytosis
Antigen presentation
Degranulation
Soluble mediators

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12
Q

What are antigens

A

Immune cells have receptors for components of microorganisms

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13
Q

What immune system provides memory cells and long lasting immunity

A

Adaptive immune system

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14
Q

What are microbial antigens

A

Toxins and virulence factors

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15
Q

In microbial recognition what are the main receptors called

A

Toll-like receptors

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16
Q

What receptors are involved in fungal recognition

A

Dectin and glucan receptors

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17
Q

Bacterial recognition is carried out by what receptors

A

NOD-like receptors

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18
Q

What do Protease-activated receptors detect

A

Allergen recognition

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19
Q

What do recognition receptors aim to promote

A

Effector response

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20
Q

What are PRRs

A

Pattern recognition receptors

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21
Q

What are PAMPs

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns

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22
Q

What are the steps of an
immediate innate immune response

A

Infection
Recognition
Removal of infection

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23
Q

What extra step does an induces innate response involve

A

Recruitment of effector cells

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24
Q

What are some soluble mediators produced by immune cells

A

Cytokines and Chemokines​
Complement Proteins​
Antimicrobial Peptides​
Enzymes (e.g., Lysozyme)​
Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes​
Immunoglobulins (e.g., B cells)​
Growth Factors​
Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs)

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25
What are cytokines,the subsets of families
Small proteins (<80kDa in size) ​ Signaling molecules to co-ordinate immune responses​ Grouped into families by structure:​ -Interleukin family (e.g. IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 etc)​ -TNF family (e.g. TNF-α)​ -Interferons (e.g., IFN-γ) ​ -“unassigned” (e.g., TGF-β) ​ Can be autocrine, paracrine and/or endocrine​
26
What do autocrine cytokines do
Alter behaviour of cell from which they were secreted e.g. self-regulating
27
What do paracrine cytokines do
Alter behaviour of neighbouring cells
28
What do endocrine cytokines do
Enter circulation and alter behaviour of distant cells
29
How do cytokines signal
Through cytokine receptors
30
What do cells contain to fight disease
Growth factors (tissue remodelling) Receptors (differentiation + proliferation) Antimicrobials (protection from invading microorganisms) Cytokines and Chemokines (orchestrates an immune response)
31
What are chemokines
Small signaling proteins – chemotactic cytokines​ Chemotaxis is the movement of a cell in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing/decreasing concentration of a substance (e.g., chemokines)​ Predominantly involved in cell recruitment (directing)​ “Chemokines tell cells where to go, cytokines tell cells what to do” ​
32
How do chemokines signal
Through chemokine receptors on immune cells
33
What do PRRs do
Variety of receptors that recognize ‘unique’ features of microbes
34
What are cytokines and chemokines
Cytokines – molecules which coordinate immune responses​ Chemokines – involved in trafficking of immune cells​
35
What occurs after microbial recognition
Phagocytosis Degranulation Antigen presentation Mediator release
36
What is chemotaxis
The movement of a call in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing/decreasing conc of a substance
37
What is the main cell type in oral mucosa
Neutrophils
38
How do neutrophils know where to go
Attracted along a CXCL8 (IL-8) gradient to site of inflammation ​
39
What are LFA-1s
Lymphocyte Function-associated Antigen 1 – found on neutrophils allowing them to interact with endothelium cell receptors (ICAM) to get out of circulation​
40
What is diapedesis
(Extravasation) is the migration of immune cells out of circulation into blood vessel walls
41
What receptors are found on the immune and endothelial cells
Selectins (e.g., E- selectins)​ Integrins (e.g., LFA-I*)​ Immunoglobulin superfamily​
42
What receptors are found on the endothelium
Selectins Immunoglobin
43
What are effector functions
Phagocytosis Degranulation Antigen presentation Mediator release
44
What are some mediator released
Cytokines and Chemokines​ Complement Proteins​ Antimicrobial Peptides​ Enzymes (e.g., Lysozyme)​ Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes​ Immunoglobulins (e.g., B cells)​ Growth Factors​ Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs)
45
What are chemical mediators AND histamines
Prostaglandins leukotrienes nitric oxide
46
What are the main examples of mediator release
Cytokines and chemokines​ -Cytokines are small signalling proteins that co-ordinate immune responses (instruct cells what to do)​ -Can be autocrine, paracrine and/or endocrine​ -Endocrine cytokines can often also be chemokines​ -Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines – these drive the process of chemotaxis
47
What are granules
Vesicles containing preformed mediators -Proteinases (e.g., enzymes) ​ -Antimicrobials (AMPs, lactoferrin etc.)​ -Chemical mediators (e.g., histamine)
48
What are the main cell types that undergo degranulation
Eosinophil Basophil Neutrophil NK cell Mast cell
49
What cells are associated with allergic/hypersensitivity reactions
Mast cells Basophils Eosinophils
50
What are the main roles of histamine
Vasodilation ​ Increases vascular permeability of blood vessels​ Smooth muscle contraction​ Bronchoconstriction ​ Neurotransmission (sensation of itching in allergies)
51
What role do neutrophils play in the production of extracellular fibril matrix
Produce NETs (Neutrophil Extracellular Traps)​ NETosis – activation leads to release of proteins and chromatin (DNA) to form extra-cellular fibril matrix​
52
What do natural killer cells release during degranulation
Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) ​ NK cells release perforin and granzymes
53
What is phagocytosis
A process utilized by phagocytes, cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, DCs​ Degradation and removal of pathogenic threat​ Antigen presentation​ Safely break down and dispose of apoptotic cells​
54
What the steps of phagocytosis
1.Recognition​ 2.Engulfment​ 3.Phagosome​ 4.Phagolysosome​ 5.Cell digestion​ 6.Residual bodies​ 7.Exocytosis​
55
What is the purpose of MCH1
MHCI are involved in presentation of endogenous proteins (viral infected, tumour cells) – found on all nucleated cells​ Allows all cells to call for help either to indicate abnormal growths or the presence of an abnormal cell which needs to be lysed 
56
What three cells can drive antigen presenting via MCH2
DCs, macrophages and B cell
57
What is required in presentation of exogenous proteins (post phagocytosis)
MCH2
58
How does MCH1 allow for protection from foreign bodies
MHCI -> CD8+ T cells – cytotoxic – ultimately results in lysis
59
How are memory cells produced
MHCII -> CD4+ T cells – T helper cells – provide memory cells
60
What is essential for the link between innate and adaptive immunity
Antigen presentation
61
What four connected, enzymatic cascade systems does plasma contain
Complement​ Kinins​ Coagulation factors​ Fibrinolytic system
62
What is complement
A collection of soluble proteins present in circulation​ Produced in the liver and released into circulation​ Drives opsonization and inflammatory responses​ Leads to formation of the membrane attack complex
63
What are the 3 pathways of complement
Classical pathway – antibody attached to microbe​ Alternative pathway – microbial cell wall ​ Mannose binding lectin pathway – microbial carbohydrates
64
What are anaphylatoxins
Complement protein (fragments)
65
What is the importance of complement
Infection of mice with Porphyromonas gingivalis leads to alveolar bone loss​ Loss of the complement system in these mice (removal of the C3a/C5a receptors) leads to resolution of disease

Immunology + Pathology (11 decks)

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