Growth disorders

Question 1

Are disorders of growth developed or acquired

Answer 1

Both

Question 2

What is agenesis

Answer 2

An organ does not develop at all

Question 3

What is aplasia

Answer 3

An organs fails to develop normal stricture fromprimitive embryonic structure

Question 4

What is hypoplasia

Answer 4

Liss tissue formed, normal structure

Question 5

What is salivary gland agenesis and aplasia

Answer 5

Salivary gland agenesis-all salivary glands missing
Aplasia- only one gland for example the parotid glands may be missing

Question 6

What are disorders of too much growth called

Answer 6

Hamartoma
-tumour like growth
-only grows in patient’s growth periods

Question 7

Whar are examples of over growth disorders/hamartoma

Answer 7

Pigmenyed naevi (moles)
Haemangiona
Lymphangioma

Question 8

What is a haemangioma

Answer 8

Vascular lesions usually red and raised
Present at birth
Vascular malformation- can develop later in life

Question 9

What syndrome are haemangiomas associated with

Answer 9

Sturge weber syndrome
Formation of large haemangiomas
Often follows nerve pathways
(example follows course of maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve)

Question 10

What are the features of lymphangioma

Answer 10

Mostly cavernous
Often found in oral cavity (tongue)
Cystic hygroma - on the neck large bulge

Question 11

What is growth in the wrong place called

Answer 11

Ectopia
normal tissue in an abnormal site

Question 12

What are examples of ectopia

Answer 12

Mickel’s diverticulum, an outpouching of the small instestine

Question 13

How do aquired growth disorders occur

Answer 13

Adaption of cells to environmental stresses

Question 14

What are the types of acquired growth disorders

Answer 14

Atrophy
Hypertophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia

Question 15

What is Atrophy

Answer 15

​

Reduction in size and number of cells​

​

1-Physiological – normal growth and development; under hormonal influence

2-Pathological

Question 16

How can atrophy occur

Answer 16

Reduction in structural components of the cell (organelles)​

Imbalance of cell loss and production​

May involve apoptosis (atrophy of organ)

Question 17

What are the types of atrophy and the causes

Answer 17

Localised​

ischaemic
pressure (tumours)
disuse/ denervation
autoimmune
idiopathic (no cause)

Generalised

nutritional
senile
endocrine

Question 18

What is an example of atrophy

Answer 18

Osteoporosis

Question 19

What is hyperplasia

Answer 19

increase in cell numbers resulting in increased tissue size and function​

response to stimulus and regression once removed​

cells must be capable of division​

physiological and pathological​

Both of these can be hormonal or compensatory

Question 20

What can stimulate hyperplasia

Answer 20

Hormones and growth factors

Question 21

What are causes of pathologic hyperplasia

Answer 21

• endocrine (hormonal) stimulation by hormone producing organs

Hyperplasia of target organs - benign prostatic hyperplasia

-Chronic injury and inflammation ​

stimulated by inflammatory cytokines; growth factors​

hyperplasia of bone marrow and lymphoid tissue​

HPV can induce hyperplasia of epithelium​

Question 22

What causes Gingival hyperplasia

Answer 22

Bad oral hygeine (improvement in oral hygeine is improved remodelling or surgery can reduce effects) ‘controlled hyperplasia can regress’

Medication could also stimulate gingival hyperplasia

Question 23

How can hyperplasia occur

Answer 23

Growth factor-driven proliferation of cells​

Increased output of cells from stem cells.

Liver regeneration

Question 24

What is hypertrophy

Answer 24

increase in cell size due to increased production of cellular proteins.​

often occurs with hyperplasia

Question 25

What is pure hypertrophy

Answer 25

Cells with limited mitotic ability
-cells grow in size via production of more protein and myofibrils instead of division

Question 26

In what cells do hypertrophy usually occur and why

Answer 26

muscle – mechanical stimulus​

skeletal – exercise (physiologic)​

smooth – pregnancy (physiologic)​

cardiac – LVH in hypertension (pathologic)

Question 27

What is goitre

Answer 27

Enlargement of the thyroid gland

Result of dietary iodine deficiency

decreased synthesis of thyroid hormone

compensatory increase in TSH

thyroid follicular cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia together

Question 28

What is metaplasia

Answer 28

change from one differentiated form of a tissue to another​
-adaptive response​
-results from changes in environmental demand​

epithelial​

squamous metaplasia​

mucous metaplasia​

mesenchymal​

osseous

Question 29

What causes metaplasia

Answer 29

Reprogramming of stem cells or undifferentiated mesenchymal cells

Question 30

What are examples of metaplasia

Answer 30

In smokers : ciliated columnar epithelium to squamous metaplasia

Barrett’s oesophagus :squamous to columnar

Question 31

What is dysplasia

Answer 31

disordered growth​

can occur in metaplastic tissue​

mostly seen in epithelia​

severity may indicate that there is the potential for malignant change

Question 32

What is neoplasia

Answer 32

• an abnormal mass of tissue ​
• growth of which is excessive​
• and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissues​
• and persists after the provoking stimulus is removed​
• includes benign and malignant tumours