Growth disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Are disorders of growth developed or acquired

A

Both

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2
Q

What is agenesis

A

An organ does not develop at all

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3
Q

What is aplasia

A

An organs fails to develop normal stricture fromprimitive embryonic structure

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4
Q

What is hypoplasia

A

Liss tissue formed, normal structure

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5
Q

What is salivary gland agenesis and aplasia

A

Salivary gland agenesis-all salivary glands missing
Aplasia- only one gland for example the parotid glands may be missing

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6
Q

What are disorders of too much growth called

A

Hamartoma
-tumour like growth
-only grows in patient’s growth periods

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7
Q

Whar are examples of over growth disorders/hamartoma

A

Pigmenyed naevi (moles)
Haemangiona
Lymphangioma

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8
Q

What is a haemangioma

A

Vascular lesions usually red and raised
Present at birth
Vascular malformation- can develop later in life

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9
Q

What syndrome are haemangiomas associated with

A

Sturge weber syndrome
Formation of large haemangiomas
Often follows nerve pathways
(example follows course of maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve)

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10
Q

What are the features of lymphangioma

A

Mostly cavernous
Often found in oral cavity (tongue)
Cystic hygroma - on the neck large bulge

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11
Q

What is growth in the wrong place called

A

Ectopia
normal tissue in an abnormal site

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12
Q

What are examples of ectopia

A

Mickel’s diverticulum, an outpouching of the small instestine

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13
Q

How do aquired growth disorders occur

A

Adaption of cells to environmental stresses

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14
Q

What are the types of acquired growth disorders

A

Atrophy
Hypertophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia

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15
Q

What is Atrophy

A

Reduction in size and number of cells​

1-Physiological – normal growth and development; under hormonal influence

2-Pathological

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16
Q

How can atrophy occur

A

Reduction in structural components of the cell (organelles)​

Imbalance of cell loss and production​

May involve apoptosis (atrophy of organ)

17
Q

What are the types of atrophy and the causes

A

Localised​

ischaemic
pressure (tumours)
disuse/ denervation
autoimmune
idiopathic (no cause)

Generalised

nutritional
senile
endocrine

18
Q

What is an example of atrophy

A

Osteoporosis

19
Q

What is hyperplasia

A

increase in cell numbers resulting in increased tissue size and function​

response to stimulus and regression once removed​

cells must be capable of division​

physiological and pathological​

Both of these can be hormonal or compensatory

20
Q

What can stimulate hyperplasia

A

Hormones and growth factors

21
Q

What are causes of pathologic hyperplasia

A
  • endocrine (hormonal) stimulation by hormone producing organs

Hyperplasia of target organs - benign prostatic hyperplasia

-Chronic injury and inflammation ​

stimulated by inflammatory cytokines; growth factors​

hyperplasia of bone marrow and lymphoid tissue​

HPV can induce hyperplasia of epithelium​

22
Q

What causes Gingival hyperplasia

A

Bad oral hygeine (improvement in oral hygeine is improved remodelling or surgery can reduce effects) ‘controlled hyperplasia can regress’

Medication could also stimulate gingival hyperplasia

23
Q

How can hyperplasia occur

A

Growth factor-driven proliferation of cells​

Increased output of cells from stem cells.

Liver regeneration

24
Q

What is hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size due to increased production of cellular proteins.​

often occurs with hyperplasia

25
What is pure hypertrophy
Cells with limited mitotic ability -cells grow in size via production of more protein and myofibrils instead of division
26
In what cells do hypertrophy usually occur and why
muscle – mechanical stimulus​ skeletal – exercise (physiologic)​ smooth – pregnancy (physiologic)​ cardiac – LVH in hypertension (pathologic)
27
What is goitre
Enlargement of the thyroid gland Result of dietary iodine deficiency decreased synthesis of thyroid hormone compensatory increase in TSH thyroid follicular cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia together
28
What is metaplasia
change from one differentiated form of a tissue to another​ -adaptive response​ -results from changes in environmental demand​ **epithelial​** squamous metaplasia​ mucous metaplasia​ **mesenchymal​** osseous
29
What causes metaplasia
Reprogramming of stem cells or undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
30
What are examples of metaplasia
In smokers : ciliated columnar epithelium to squamous metaplasia Barrett’s oesophagus :squamous to columnar
31
What is dysplasia
disordered growth​ can occur in metaplastic tissue​ mostly seen in epithelia​ severity may indicate that there is the potential for malignant change
32
What is neoplasia
- an abnormal mass of tissue ​ - growth of which is excessive​ - and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissues​ - and persists after the provoking stimulus is removed​ - includes benign and malignant tumours