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Immunology + Pathology > Bacterial pathogenicity > Flashcards

Bacterial pathogenicity Flashcards

1
Q

What is a pathogen

A

An organism capable of causing disease

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2
Q

What is a commensal

A

An organism that is part of the normal flora

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3
Q

What is pathogenicity

A

The ability to cause disease

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4
Q

What is virulence

A

The ability to cause severe disease

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5
Q

What is the simple life cycle of a parasite

A

Enter​
Attach​
Colonise​
Evade host immunity​
Produce harmful proteins​
Disseminate​
Release from host​

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6
Q

What are the subdivisions of microorganisms

A

Bacteria​
Fungi​
Viruses​
Prions​
Parasites ​

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7
Q

What is microbiology

A

The study of microscopic organisms; sub-disciplines include virology, mycology, parasitology, and bacteriology

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8
Q

What are some flora found in the nasopharynx

A

Streptococci
Candida
Neisseria

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9
Q

What normal flora are found on skin

A

Streptococci
Staphylococci
Yeasts

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10
Q

What flora are found in the lower bowel

A

Bacteroides
Clostridium

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11
Q

What flora are found within the vagina

A

Candida
Lactobacilli
Corynebacteria

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12
Q

What is colonisation

A

When microbes find a new host and start to multiply

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13
Q

What is an endogenous infection

A

An infection caused by the patient’s own flora

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14
Q

What is an exogenous infection

A

Infection from external flora

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15
Q

What is the difference between primary and opportunistic pathogens

A

Microbes that always cause disease in a new susceptible human are called primary pathogens while microbes that cause disease only in immunocompromised patients are called opportunistic pathogens

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16
Q

What is the carrier state

A

The continued presence of an organism (bacteria, virus, or parasite) in the body that does not cause symptoms, but is able to be transmitted and infect other persons

17
Q

What is bacterial colonisation

A

The presence of bacteria on a body surface (like on the skin, mouth, intestines or airway) without causing disease in the person

18
Q

What is the germ theory of disease

A

The microbe must be present in every case of the disease​

The microbe must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture​

The disease must be reproduced when a pure culture is introduced into a susceptible host​

The microbe must be recovered from an experimentally infected host​

19
Q

Who created the germ theory of disease

A

KOCH’S POSTULATES (1890)

20
Q

How can diseases be spread

A

Person-to-person​
-Contaminated blood or other bodily fluids​
-Touch​
-Saliva​
-Air​

​Fomites​
Insects​
Water​
Food​

21
Q

What features pf a prokaryotic cell are usual

A

Cell envelope
DNA
Cytoplasmic membrane
Ribosomes

22
Q

What MAY be present in a prokaryotic cell

A

Capsule
Inclusion granules
Frimbriae (pilli) (gram -ve)
Flagellum
Membranous invagination

23
Q

Defence against UTIs

A

Main defence is flushing action of urine

Tamm-Horsfall protein helps bind specific Escherichia coli strains and remove them

24
Q

What are some encapsulated infections

A

Meningitis, pneumonia, otitis media and sinusitus

25
Q

What is the function of a bacterial capsule

A

Mediate adhesion​

Immune evasion​

Protection from desiccation​

Reserves of carbohydrate​

Encapsulated bacteria give rise to smooth colonies​

Capsule material gives rise to ‘capsular antigens’​ - strep infections

26
Q

What are endotoxins

A

Produced inside mostly Gram -ve bacteria as part of their growth and metabolism

They are secreted and released following lysis into the surrounding medium

27
Q

What are endotoxins

A

Part of the outer portion of the cell wall or Gram -ve bacteria

They are liberated when bacteria die and the cell wall breaks apart

28
Q

What is the point of LPS (endotoxin)

A

Promotes production of platelets, clotting factors, mast cells, macrophages, inflammatory response etc

These responses when uncontrolled can lead to hypertension and toxic shock which can result in death

29
Q

Lethal bacterial proteins (exotoxins)

A

Botulinum 0.6x10-8 (mouse)

Tetanus 4x10-8 (mouse)

Shigella toxin 2.3x10-6 (rabbit)

30
Q

Difference between endo and exo toxins

A

ENDO
Lipopolysaccharide
Outer membrane
Not very potent
Low specificity
Pyrogenic

EXO
Protein
Extracellular (diffusible)
Highly potent
Very specific
Occasionally pyrogenic

31
Q

Virulence factors

A

Fimbriae (pilli)
-adhesion

Capsule
-protection/camouflage

Flagella
-Chemotaxis, Penetration

LPS/Endotoxin
-endotoxic shock/ inflammation

Immunology + Pathology (11 decks)

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